Circumplex Model of Affect

A psychological framework that represents emotions along two continuous dimensions: valence (pleasure vs. displeasure) and arousal (activation vs. deactivation). Proposed by James Russell in 1980, the model maps all emotional states onto a circular space rather than treating them as discrete categories. In accessibility and assistive technology, this model is used to computationally extract and classify emotional content from speech, enabling systems like customizable captions to visually represent a speaker's emotional state for d/Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing users.