Canonical MathML

A restricted, normalised subset of MathML in which mathematical structures are represented in a deterministic, unambiguous way. While standard Presentation MathML allows the same mathematical expression to be encoded in multiple equivalent ways, Canonical MathML enforces a single canonical form for each structure. This is important for accessibility applications that need to reliably process and convert mathematical content — for example, converting MathML to Braille notation requires predictable input structures. In the MaWEn system, all mathematical expressions are stored internally as Canonical MathML to ensure consistent processing when converting to various national Braille mathematical notations.