Redundancy Principle

A principle from the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning stating that people learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration, and on-screen text presenting the same words, because presenting identical information in both spoken and written form overloads the visual channel. The principle has to be reconsidered for d/Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing learners, who typically rely on captions (written text) rather than narration, so removing text in the name of reducing redundancy can strip access rather than reduce load.