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Automatic Readability Assessment(also: Readability Prediction, Reading Level Assessment)

The computational task of predicting how difficult a text is for a reader, usually expressed as a grade level or a readability score. Modern systems treat readability as a machine-learning classification or regression problem that combines shallow surface features (sentence…

Fluency(also: Text fluency, Grammatical fluency)

In natural language processing and text simplification, fluency is the degree to which a piece of text is grammatically correct and reads naturally in the target language. It is one of three standard evaluation dimensions for automatic text simplification alongside complexity…

Grammaticality(also: Grammatical correctness, Grammatical acceptability)

The degree to which a sentence conforms to the grammatical rules of a language. In accessibility and NLP research, grammaticality is typically assessed via a 5-point Likert subjective judgement (e.g., "This sentence is grammatically correct") and is used as a component of…

Newsela

An educational content platform that publishes news articles in multiple professionally-edited versions simplified to different U.S. school reading levels, enabling teachers to assign the same story at grade-appropriate difficulty. Because Newsela pairs original articles with…

On-Demand Simplification(also: On-demand text simplification, User-initiated simplification)

An interaction pattern for Automatic Text Simplification reading-assistance tools in which the user explicitly requests a simpler version of a word, phrase, or sentence — typically via hover, click, or tap — rather than having the system pre-apply simplifications to the page…

SARI(also: System output Against References and against the Input sentence)

An automatic evaluation metric for text simplification systems that compares a system’s output against both the original input sentence and a set of human-written simplification references, rewarding the system for adding appropriate words, keeping important words, and deleting…

Text Complexity(also: Linguistic complexity, Text difficulty)

The degree to which a piece of writing demands advanced reading skills to comprehend, driven by factors such as vocabulary frequency, syntactic structure, sentence length, passage organisation, and background-knowledge assumptions. In Automatic Text Simplification and…

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