Glossary

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Vascular Dementia(also: Multi-Infarct Dementia, Post-Stroke Dementia)

A type of dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often resulting from stroke or small vessel disease. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and typically affects processing speed, attention, and executive function rather than memory in its…

Vision Impairment(also: Visual Impairment, VI)

An umbrella term for any reduction in visual function — including low vision, blindness, and functional limitations that affect everyday tasks — regardless of cause. The World Health Organization distinguishes between distance and near vision impairment and further classifies…

Visual Acuity(also: VA, Sharpness of Vision)

A measure of the eye's ability to distinguish fine details and shapes at a given distance. Visual acuity is commonly expressed as a Snellen fraction (e.g., 20/20, 20/200) or in logMAR units used in clinical research. It is the primary metric for classifying levels of vision…

Visual Impairment(also: Vision Impairment, Low Vision, Sight Loss)

A reduction in the ability to see that cannot be fully corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses, or medical treatment. Visual impairments range from low vision (partial sight) to total blindness and include conditions like macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic…

Visual field loss(also: Peripheral vision loss, Scotoma, Tunnel vision)

A reduction in the area of vision that a person can see, either in the periphery (peripheral vision loss or tunnel vision) or in the center (central vision loss or central scotoma). Visual field loss is caused by conditions such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, stroke, and…

Vitiligo

A chronic skin condition in which patches of skin lose their pigment, resulting in irregular white or light areas on the body. Vitiligo can affect people of any skin tone but is more visually apparent on darker skin. The World Health Organization includes vitiligo under the…

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