Glossary

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GIS(also: Geographic Information System, Geographic Information Systems)

A class of software systems — such as ArcGIS, QGIS, and open-source geospatial libraries — that capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and visualize geographic and spatial data by linking location coordinates with attribute information. GIS underpins urban planning, public health,…

Geo-referenced Data(also: Geospatial Data, Geographic Data, Georeferenced Data)

Data that is associated with specific geographic locations or regions, such as population statistics by county, crime rates by neighbourhood, or election results by district. Geo-referenced data is typically presented on maps using visual encodings like colour gradients, which…

Geovisualization(also: Geospatial visualization, Geographic visualization)

The use of interactive visual representations — choropleth maps, dot density maps, heat maps, flow maps, and related forms — to make geographic patterns, trends, and spatial relationships visible and explorable. Geovisualizations combine cartographic traditions with…

Gestalt Grouping Principles(also: Gestalt Principles, Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization)

A set of principles from perceptual psychology that describe how the human visual system organizes individual elements into coherent groups and patterns. Key principles include spatial proximity (elements near each other are perceived as related), connectedness (elements joined…

Graph(also: Node-Edge Diagram, Network Diagram)

A data structure and visual representation consisting of nodes (vertices) connected by edges (links) that represent relationships between entities. In computer science and mathematics, graphs are used to model networks, hierarchies, flowcharts, and many other relational…

Graph Accessibility(also: Chart Accessibility, Data Visualization Accessibility)

The practice of making charts, graphs, and other data visualisations perceivable and understandable to people with disabilities, particularly those who are blind or have low vision. Graph accessibility encompasses multiple strategies including meaningful alternative text that…

Graphic Accessibility(also: Image Accessibility, Visual Content Accessibility)

The practice of making graphical content — including charts, diagrams, maps, photographs, and illustrations — perceivable and understandable by people who cannot see them. Graphic accessibility encompasses a range of techniques from simple alternative text descriptions to…

Graphicacy(also: Graph Literacy, Visual Literacy)

The ability to read, interpret, and communicate information presented in graphs, charts, maps, and other visual representations of data. Graphicacy is considered a foundational literacy alongside reading, writing, and numeracy. It involves three progressive stages: reading the…

Graphical perception(also: Chart perception, Visual data perception)

The cognitive process by which people extract quantitative information from visual data representations such as charts, graphs, and maps. Graphical perception involves comparing positions, lengths, areas, angles, and colours to make judgements about data values and…

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