Glossary

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Amblyopia(also: Lazy eye)

A neurodevelopmental vision disorder in which one eye has reduced visual acuity that cannot be fully corrected with glasses or contact lenses, caused by abnormal visual development in early childhood. The brain favors one eye and partially suppresses input from the weaker eye,…

Anxiety(also: Anxiety Disorder)

An emotional and physiological state characterised by apprehension about future threats, accompanied by heightened autonomic arousal (elevated heart rate, muscle tension, shallow breathing), attentional bias toward danger cues, and often avoidance behaviour. Clinical anxiety…

Applied behavior analysis(also: ABA, Behavior modification, Lovaas method)

A therapeutic approach based on the science of learning and behavior, widely used in interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. ABA uses systematic reinforcement — rewarding desired behaviors with objects, food, praise, or other motivators — to teach new skills…

Automated speech scoring(also: Computer-aided speech assessment, Automatic speech evaluation)

The use of computational techniques — including voice activity detection, phoneme recognition, prosody analysis, and speaker diarization — to automatically evaluate the accuracy and quality of speech production without requiring real-time human assessment. In speech therapy…

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