Glossary

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TrueSkill(also: TrueSkill Bayesian Rating)

A Bayesian skill-rating algorithm developed at Microsoft Research (Herbrich et al., 2007) that models each player or option as a normal distribution with a mean skill μ and uncertainty σ, updating both after each pairwise match. Originally designed for matchmaking in competitive…

Trust in Automation(also: Automation trust, TiA)

A human factors construct describing the extent to which a person believes an automated system — a car, aircraft, medical device, AI assistant, or robot — will perform reliably and behave in their interest, typically measured via validated questionnaires such as the Trust in…

Tunnel Vision(also: Peripheral Vision Loss, PVL)

A visual impairment characterized by the loss of peripheral vision while central vision may remain intact, resulting in a narrow field of view as if looking through a tunnel. Tunnel vision can be caused by conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, or stroke. It…

Turing Test(also: Imitation Game)

The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a thought experiment for assessing whether a machine's conversational behaviour is indistinguishable from that of a human. A human evaluator engages in a text-based exchange with both a human and a machine and must decide…

Turn Taking(also: Conversational Turn-Taking, Turn-Taking)

The pragmatic skill of alternating speaking and listening roles during conversation, including knowing when to speak, how long to speak, and how to signal readiness to yield or take a turn. Turn taking is a fundamental component of social communication that children typically…

Turn-Taking(also: Conversational Turn-Taking, Floor Management)

The process by which speakers in a conversation negotiate who speaks when, managing transitions between speakers through verbal and non-verbal cues. Turn-taking involves recognizing when a speaker is finishing, signaling desire to speak, and yielding the floor to others. In AAC…

Turn-Taking

The process by which participants in a conversation manage who speaks when, including how speakers signal they are finished and how listeners indicate they want to contribute. Turn-taking norms are typically based on spoken communication speeds and can create significant…

Turn-by-turn navigation(also: Step-by-step navigation, Guided navigation)

A navigation method that provides sequential walk-and-turn instructions to guide a user along a route without requiring prior knowledge of the environment. For people with visual impairments, turn-by-turn systems typically use audio cues or speech instructions to indicate when…

Tutoring System(also: Intelligent Tutoring System, ITS, Computer-Based Tutor)

Software that provides personalised instruction and feedback to learners, adapting its responses based on the learner's performance, knowledge level, and error patterns. In accessibility contexts, tutoring systems can be designed to support learners with disabilities by…

Two-Handed Alphabet(also: Two-Handed Manual Alphabet, Two-Handed Fingerspelling)

A manual alphabet in which most letters are formed using both hands, typically with one hand acting as a base and the other as an articulator. Two-handed alphabets are used in Auslan, British Sign Language, and New Zealand Sign Language (the BANZSL family), in contrast to the…

Two-Point Discrimination(also: Spatial Acuity, Tactile Acuity)

A measure of tactile sensitivity indicating the minimum distance at which two distinct points of contact on the skin can be perceived as separate rather than as a single point. Lower values indicate higher sensitivity. The fingertips have the highest two-point discrimination…

Typeface Classification(also: Font Classification, Typeface Categories)

The set of broad categories used to describe and compare typefaces. The most common groupings are: serif (letters with small projecting strokes at terminals, e.g. Times, Roboto Serif), sans-serif (no terminal strokes, e.g. Helvetica, Arial, Roboto), slab serif (heavy…

Typhlology(also: Typhlopedagogy)

The study and science of blindness and visual impairment, encompassing education, rehabilitation, and support methods for people who are blind or have low vision. Typhlology draws on knowledge from education, psychology, medicine, and assistive technology to develop teaching…

Typographic Encoding(also: Visual Typography Mapping)

The practice of using typographic properties—such as font size, weight, color, spacing, opacity, and baseline shift—to encode non-textual information within written content. In accessibility contexts, typographic encoding is used to represent paralinguistic speech features in…

Typographic Modulation(also: Typographic Variation, Dynamic Typography)

Systematic variation of a typeface's visual parameters — weight, width, slant, size, colour, letter spacing, baseline shift, opacity — to carry information beyond the literal words, typically driven by an external signal such as speech pitch, loudness, emotional arousal, or…

Typography(also: Typographic Design)

The art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and visually appealing. In accessibility contexts, typography encompasses font selection, size, weight, spacing (letter spacing, word spacing, line height), alignment, and contrast. Research has…