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• A Crowdsourcing Platform for the Construction of Accessibility Maps

  Carlos Cardonha, Diego Gallo, Priscilla Avegliano, Ricardo Herrmann, Fernando Koch, Sergio Borger · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This highly cited paper (69 citations) from IBM Research Brazil presents a comprehensive crowdsourcing platform for constructing outdoor accessibility maps through two complementary data collection approaches. The first, IBM Citizen Sensing, is an active reporting tool where…

  crowdsourcing · accessibility mapping · physical accessibility · urban accessibility · citizen sensing

• How Cloud Computing Can Support On-Demand Assistive Services

  Davide Mulfari, Antonio Celesti, Antonio Puliafito, Massimo Villari · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper from the University of Messina investigates how cloud computing and virtualisation can provide on-demand assistive technology services for people with disabilities who need to use shared or public computers. The core problem is that when a disabled person uses a…

  cloud computing · assistive technology · virtual desktop · screen reader · screen magnifier

• Three web accessibility evaluation perspectives for RIA

  Nádia Fernandes, Ana Sofia Batista, Daniel Costa, Carlos Duarte, Luís Carriço · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents a large-scale comparative study of web accessibility evaluation across three distinct perspectives that reflect how Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) are actually experienced by users. The three evaluation perspectives are: E1, evaluating the raw HTML before…

  automated evaluation · Rich Internet Applications · dynamic content · AJAX · DOM

• Captions Versus Transcripts for Online Video Content

  Raja S. Kushalnagar, Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper investigates a fundamental challenge for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) users consuming online video: while hearing viewers can watch and listen simultaneously using separate sensory channels, DHH viewers must process two competing visual streams — the video content…

  captioning · deaf accessibility · transcripts · online education · MOOCs

• GenURC: Generation Platform for Personal and Context-Driven User Interfaces

  Gottfried Zimmermann, J. Bern Jordan, Parikshit Thakur, Yuvarajsinh Gohil · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents GenURC, a component within the Universal Remote Console (URC) framework that automatically generates user interfaces adapted to individual users' preferences, device characteristics, and situational context. The URC framework (standardized as ISO/IEC 24752)…

  adaptive user interfaces · personalization · universal design · smart home accessibility · user preferences

• The False Dichotomy between Accessibility and Usability

  Ed H. Chi · 2013 · Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This keynote paper by Ed H. Chi of Google argues that the traditional separation between accessibility research and usability/HCI research is a false dichotomy built on two myths. The first myth is the "average user" — HCI research inherited this concept from psychology,…

  usability · accessibility theory · universal design · inclusive design · human-computer interaction

• Distinguishing Users By Pointing Performance in Laboratory and Real-World Tasks

  Amy Hurst, Scott E. Hudson, Jennifer Mankoff, Shari Trewin · 2013 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper investigates how machine learning can automatically assess pointing difficulties from everyday computer use, addressing a critical barrier to accessible computing: the lack of frequent, low-cost assessment of pointing ability. The researchers collected and analyzed…

  pointing performance · motor impairments · machine learning · adaptive interfaces · mouse interaction

• A Haptic Tool for Group Work on Geometrical Concepts Engaging Blind and Sighted Pupils

  Jonas Moll, Eva Pysander · 2013 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This study investigates how haptic technology can support collaborative geometry learning between visually impaired and sighted pupils in inclusive classrooms. The researchers developed two haptic applications using PHANTOM devices: a static environment where pupils explore…

  haptic interfaces · collaborative learning · visual impairment · education · geometry

• Effects of Target Expansion on Selection Performance in Older Computer Users

  Faustina Hwang, Nic Hollinworth, Nitin Williams · 2013 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This research investigates target expansion as an assistive technique for improving mouse pointing performance in older computer users. Target expansion dynamically enlarges clickable targets as the cursor approaches, conserving screen space while providing larger click areas…

  older adults · motor impairment · pointing · mouse · target acquisition

• Investigating User Behavior for Authentication Methods: A Comparison between Individuals with Down Syndrome and Neurotypical Users

  Yao Ma, Jinjuan Feng, Libby Kumin, Jonathan Lazar · 2013 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This groundbreaking study provides the first experimental research on how individuals with Down syndrome (DS) interact with web authentication mechanisms. The researchers conducted a six-week longitudinal study with 10 adults with DS (ages 18-39) and 20 neurotypical participants…

  cognitive accessibility · Down syndrome · authentication · passwords · security

• Effect of Displaying Human Videos During an Evaluation Study of American Sign Language Animation

  Hernisa Kacorri, Pengfei Lu, Matt Huenerfauth · 2013 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper addresses a critical methodological question in sign language animation research: how does the choice of upper baseline (human video vs. high-quality animation) and the modality of comprehension questions affect evaluation results? The authors conducted three phases…

  sign language animation · ASL · deaf accessibility · evaluation methodology · user studies

• Performing Locomotion Tasks in Immersive Computer Games with an Adapted Eye-Tracking Interface

  Stephen Vickers, Howell Istance, Aulikki Hyrskykari · 2013 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This paper presents an approach to designing and adapting eye-gaze interaction techniques for locomotion tasks in immersive 3D games, specifically targeting young people with severe physical disabilities. The researchers developed a "transparent overlay" technique where…

  eye tracking · game accessibility · cerebral palsy · muscular dystrophy · adaptive interfaces

• Real Time Object Scanning Using a Mobile Phone and Cloud-based Visual Search Engine

  Yu Zhong, Pierre J. Garrigues, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2013)

  This paper presents Scan Search, an iPhone application that enables blind users to identify everyday objects in real time by continuously scanning with their phone camera rather than taking individual photos. The core challenge addressed is that blind people struggle with the…

  visual accessibility · object recognition · blind users · mobile accessibility · computer vision

• Warping Time for More Effective Real-Time Crowdsourcing

  Walter S. Lasecki, Christopher D. Miller, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2013)

  This paper introduces TimeWarp, a technique that manipulates audio playback speed to improve crowd workers performance on real-time speech captioning. The core problem is that non-expert typists cannot keep up with natural speaking rates of 150-225 words per minute, forcing them…

  real-time captioning · crowdsourcing · deaf and hard of hearing · human computation · speech accessibility

• Investigating the Appropriateness of Social Network Question Asking as a Resource for Blind Users

  Erin L. Brady, Yu Zhong, Meredith Ringel Morris, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2013)

  This paper explores whether social networking sites (SNSs) are a viable alternative to paid crowdsourcing for answering blind users' visual questions. The research combines three methods: a survey of 191 blind adults about their social networking habits and attitudes toward…

  social media accessibility · blind users · crowdsourcing · friendsourcing · visual question answering

• Real-Time Captioning by Non-Experts with Legion Scribe

  Walter S. Lasecki, Christopher D. Miller, Raja Kushalnagar, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2013)

  This short paper introduces Legion Scribe (Scribe), a system that enables 3-5 non-expert typists to collectively caption speech in real time, achieving accuracy approaching that of a professional stenographer at 20-30% of the cost. The system addresses a critical accessibility…

  real-time captioning · deaf and hard of hearing · crowdsourcing · human computation · assistive technology

• Real-Time Crowd Labeling for Deployable Activity Recognition

  Walter S. Lasecki, Young Chol Song, Henry Kautz, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2013)

  Legion:AR is a system that provides deployable activity recognition by combining real-time crowd labeling with automatic recognition using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). The system addresses a critical limitation of current activity recognition: automated systems must be trained…

  activity recognition · crowdsourcing · human computation · machine learning · aging in place

• Answering Visual Questions with Conversational Crowd Assistants

  Walter S. Lasecki, Phyo Thiha, Yu Zhong, Erin Brady, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2013)

  This paper introduces Chorus:View, a system that enables blind users to get visual questions answered through continuous conversational interaction with multiple crowd workers viewing a live video stream from the user's mobile device. The system addresses key limitations of…

  blind and low vision · crowdsourcing · human computation · assistive technology · visual assistance

• Adaptive Time Windows for Real-Time Crowd Captioning

  Matthew J. Murphy, Christopher D. Miller, Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · CHI EA '13: CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

  This paper addresses a key barrier to real-time captioning access for deaf and hard of hearing people: the high cost of professional stenographers, who can charge up to $200 per hour. Building on the Legion:Scribe system, which demonstrated that groups of non-expert crowd…

  real-time captioning · crowdsourcing · deaf and hard of hearing · assistive technology · human computation

• Chorus: A Crowd-Powered Conversational Assistant

  Walter S. Lasecki, Rachel Wesley, Jeffrey Nichols, Anand Kulkarni, James F. Allen, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · UIST '13: Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology

  This paper presents Chorus, a crowd-powered conversational assistant that enables users to hold natural, continuous conversations with what appears to be a single partner, but is actually backed by multiple crowd workers operating in real-time. The system addresses a fundamental…

  crowdsourcing · conversational assistants · human computation · dialog systems · real-time systems

• Visual Challenges in the Everyday Lives of Blind People

  Erin Brady, Meredith Ringel Morris, Yu Zhong, Samuel White, Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2013 · CHI '13: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

  This paper presents the findings of a year-long large-scale study of VizWiz Social, an iPhone application that allows blind users to take a photograph, record a spoken question about it, and receive answers from crowd workers or social contacts within about a minute. Between May…

  blind users · crowdsourcing · mobile accessibility · VizWiz · visual question answering

• Improved Inference and Autotyping in EEG-based BCI Typing Systems

  Andrew Fowler, Brian Roark, Umut Orhan, Deniz Erdogmus, Melanie Fried-Oken · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '13)

  This paper presents improvements to the RSVP Keyboard, a brain-computer interface (BCI) typing system designed for people with severe motor disabilities, particularly those with locked-in syndrome (LIS) resulting from ALS or brain stem stroke who cannot use any volitional…

  brain-computer interface · BCI · EEG · text entry · locked-in syndrome

• Designing an Accessible Clothing Tag System for People with Vision Impairments

  Michele A. Williams, Kathryn Ringland, Amy Hurst · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '13)

  This short paper explores the design of accessible clothing identification systems for people with vision impairments. The authors note that many clothing characteristics — color, pattern, fabric type, care instructions — are inherently visual and therefore inaccessible. People…

  vision impairment · blind users · RFID · wearable technology · daily living

• Comparison of Reading Accuracy between Tactile Pie Charts and Tactile Band Charts

  Kosuke Araki, Tetsuya Watanabe · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '13)

  This short paper compares the accuracy and efficiency of reading tactile pie charts versus tactile band charts for determining proportional data through touch. The authors are developing software that automatically generates tactile charts from CSV data and needed to determine…

  tactile graphics · data visualization · blind users · braille · pie charts

• Uncovering the Role of Expectations on Perceived Web Accessibility

  Amaia Aizpurua, Myriam Arrue, Markel Vigo · 2013 · Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '13)

  This short paper investigates how user expectations shape the perception of web accessibility for blind users, arguing that guideline compliance alone does not guarantee a satisfying user experience. The authors note a key gap: prior research found that only 50.4% of problems…

  web accessibility · blind users · screen readers · user experience · perceived accessibility