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• Design for Social Accessibility Method Cards: Engaging Users and Reflecting on Social Scenarios for Accessible Design

  Kristen Shinohara, Cynthia L. Bennett, Wanda Pratt, Jacob O. Wobbrock · 2020 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)

  This paper introduces Design for Social Accessibility (DSA) method cards, a practical tool that helps designers incorporate social dimensions of accessibility into their work. The authors argue that most accessibility guidelines focus on functional access — ensuring technology…

  social accessibility · design methods · method cards · participatory design · deaf and hard of hearing

• Blind Leading the Sighted: Drawing Design Insights from Blind Users towards More Productivity-oriented Voice Interfaces

  Ali Abdolrahmani, Kevin M. Storer, Antony Rishin Mukkath Roy, Ravi Kuber, Stacy M. Branham · 2020 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)

  This paper investigates how people who are blind use voice-activated personal assistants (VAPAs) like Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple Siri, arguing that blind users are expert voice interface users whose insights can improve VAPA design for everyone. The research…

  voice user interface · voice-activated personal assistant · blindness · visual impairment · smart speakers

• Fairness of AI for People with Disabilities: Problem Analysis and Interdisciplinary Collaboration

  Jason J. G. White · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper provides a philosophical analysis of the fairness challenges that machine learning-based AI poses for people with disabilities, arguing that these challenges demand unprecedented interdisciplinary collaboration across applied ethics, human rights law, disability…

  AI fairness · algorithmic bias · disability · social justice · ethics

• Fairness Issues in AI Systems that Augment Sensory Abilities

  Leah Findlater, Steven Goodman, Yuhang Zhao, Shiri Azenkot, Margot Hanley · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper examines the unique fairness challenges that arise when AI systems are used to augment sensory abilities for people with disabilities — a context distinct from other AI applications because these systems provide information that is already available to non-disabled…

  AI fairness · sensory augmentation · visual impairment · deaf and hard of hearing · privacy

• Artificial Intelligence and the Dignity of Risk

  Emily Shea Tanis, Clayton Lewis · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper examines the dual risks and opportunities that AI-based systems pose for people with cognitive disabilities, framed around the concept of the "dignity of risk" — the right to make self-directed choices about tradeoffs between risks and benefits, including the freedom…

  AI fairness · cognitive disability · dignity of risk · privacy · algorithmic bias

• Toward Fairness in AI for People with Disabilities: A Research Roadmap

  Anhong Guo, Ece Kamar, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hanna Wallach, Meredith Ringel Morris · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This position paper from Microsoft Research presents a systematic risk assessment of how major categories of AI systems may fail or discriminate against people with disabilities, proposing a four-point research roadmap for increasing AI fairness. The authors organize their…

  AI fairness · algorithmic bias · disability · computer vision · speech recognition

• Designing Accessible, Explainable AI (XAI) Experiences

  Christine T. Wolf, Kathryn E. Ringland · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper examines the intersection of explainable AI (XAI) and accessibility, identifying two primary concerns that the XAI field has largely overlooked. The first concern is accessibility at the XAI interface itself. While XAI techniques like visual explanations have made…

  explainable AI · accessibility · aging in place · mental health · digital mental health

• Accessibility Information Needs in the Enterprise

  Sharon Snider, Willie L. Scott II, Shari Trewin · 2020 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)

  This paper from IBM presents the first empirical analysis of accessibility information needs within a large multinational enterprise, analyzing 439 unique accessibility questions and 362 unique keywords gathered over two years from FAQs, support channels, a chatbot, a glossary,…

  enterprise accessibility · ontology · knowledge management · accessibility conformance · chatbot

• Preliminary Results from a Survey to Measure the Benefits of Accessibility and Universal Design Topics in Course Curricula

  Howard Kramer · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper presents preliminary findings from a national survey conducted by the University of Colorado Boulder as part of the Promoting the Integration of Universal Design into University Curricula (UDUC) project. The 24-question survey was distributed to current students and…

  accessibility education · universal design · curriculum · higher education · career benefits

• What Is the Point of Fairness? Disability, AI and the Complexity of Justice

  Cynthia L. Bennett, Os Keyes · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper offers a critical disability studies challenge to the dominant "fairness" framing of AI ethics, arguing that fairness is insufficient and potentially harmful when applied to disability, and that justice must be centred instead. Drawing on Anna Lauren Hoffmann's…

  AI fairness · disability justice · critical disability studies · computer vision · autism diagnosis

• Unintended Machine Learning Biases as Social Barriers for Persons with Disabilities

  Ben Hutchinson, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Remi Denton, Kellie Webster, Yu Zhong, Stephen Denuyl · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper from Google's Ethical AI team provides concrete empirical evidence that widely deployed NLP models encode measurable biases against people with disabilities, creating social barriers through technology. The authors examine three layers of bias using a perturbation…

  machine learning bias · NLP · toxicity detection · sentiment analysis · disability representation

• Artificial Intelligence Fairness in the Context of Accessibility Research on Intelligent Systems for People Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

  Sushant Kafle, Abraham Glasser, Sedeeq Al-khazraji, Larwan Berke, Matthew Seita, Matt Huenerfauth · 2020 · SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing

  This paper from RIT's Center for Accessibility and Inclusion Research discusses AI fairness issues specifically through the lens of the authors' extensive research on intelligent systems for people who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (DHH). The authors identify five interconnected…

  AI fairness · deaf and hard of hearing · automatic speech recognition · captioning · evaluation metrics

• Game Changer: Accessible Audio and Tactile Guidance for Board and Card Games

  Gabriella M. Johnson, Shaun K. Kane · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents Game Changer, an augmented workspace system that makes board and card games accessible to blind and visually impaired (BVI) players through a combination of audio descriptions and tactile modifications. The system uses an overhead webcam to track ArUco…

  game accessibility · blind and low vision · board games · tangible interaction · audio description

• The Case for 'Health Related Impairments and Disabilities'

  Simon Harper, Julia Mueller, Alan Davies, Hugo Nicolau, Sukru Eraslan, Yeliz Yesilada · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This position paper argues for recognizing a distinct category of impairments called Health-Related Impairments and Disabilities (HIIDs) that are fundamentally different from traditionally defined disabilities and therefore require different accessibility approaches. Drawing on…

  health-related impairment · comorbidity · chronic illness · dynamic disability · COPD

• Contextual Adaptive Communication Aid: Supporting Individuals with Neurological Disease in Communication

  Lula Albar · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This doctoral consortium paper proposes a context-aware Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) system designed to support people with communication impairments (CI) caused by neurological disease or acquired brain injury, such as aphasia and dysarthria. The research is…

  AAC · communication impairment · aphasia · context-aware computing · co-design

• Towards Generating Web-Accessible STEM Documents from PDF

  Volker Sorge, Mark Lee, Sandy Wilkinson · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents a fully automated, web-based pipeline for converting PDF documents into accessible HTML and ePub formats, with a particular focus on STEM content containing mathematical formulas and tables. The authors address a fundamental problem in document accessibility:…

  document accessibility · PDF conversion · STEM accessibility · mathematical formulas · automated remediation

• Indoor Localization for Visually Impaired Travelers Using Computer Vision on a Smartphone

  Giovanni Fusco, James M. Coughlan · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents a computer vision-based indoor localization system that runs as a real-time app on a conventional iPhone, designed to help blind and visually impaired travelers navigate indoor spaces where GPS is unavailable. The system combines several technologies into a…

  indoor navigation · wayfinding · computer vision · visual impairment · blindness

• A Return to Community: Flintstones or Jetsons?

  Vivienne Conway · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This keynote-style paper uses the cultural lens of two iconic 1960s cartoons — The Flintstones and The Jetsons — to reflect on how automation and technology are shaping the lives of people with disabilities. Dr. Conway, writing from Western Australia during the early days of the…

  digital accessibility · automation · assistive technology · disability representation · home automation

• Screening Risk of Dyslexia Through a Web-Game Using Language-Independent Content and Machine Learning

  Maria Rauschenberger, Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Luz Rello · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents MusVis, a web-based game designed to screen for dyslexia risk using language-independent content and machine learning, enabling potential early detection even in pre-readers who have not yet developed literacy skills. Dyslexia affects 5-15% of the world…

  dyslexia · machine learning · screening · serious games · gamification

• Autism Detection Based on Eye Movement Sequences on the Web: A Scanpath Trend Analysis Approach

  Sukru Eraslan, Yeliz Yesilada, Victoria Yaneva, Simon Harper · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper investigates whether sequential eye-movement data — the order in which people look at elements on web pages — can be used to detect autism, improving upon the authors' previous non-sequential approach that achieved 75% accuracy but was unstable across different web…

  autism · eye tracking · machine learning · web accessibility · scanpath analysis

• A Saliency-Driven Video Magnifier for People with Low Vision

  Ali Selman Aydin, Shirin Feiz, Vikas Ashok, I V Ramakrishnan · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This demonstration paper presents SViM (Saliency-driven Video Magnifier), a system that uses deep learning-based visual saliency prediction to automatically guide screen magnification to the most important regions of a video for people with low vision. Screen magnifiers are the…

  low vision · screen magnifier · video accessibility · computer vision · deep learning

• Supporting the Design of Data Visualisation for the Visually Impaired through Reinforcement Learning

  Dalal Aljasem · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This doctoral consortium paper presents a research programme aimed at making data visualizations more accessible to people with partial vision loss, specifically those with peripheral vision damage (tunnel vision from conditions like glaucoma) or central vision loss (from…

  data visualization · visual impairment · reinforcement learning · visual search · machine learning

• Web Accessibility Testing for Singapore Government e-Services

  Zui Young Lim, Jia Min Chua, Kaiting Yang, Wei Shin Tan, Yinn Chai · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from Singapore's Government Technology Agency presents a customized automated accessibility testing tool designed specifically for government e-service developers. The authors identified two core problems: Singapore's low accessibility maturity despite being a…

  automated testing · web accessibility · government services · accessibility evaluation · CI/CD

• Measuring complexity of e-government services for people with low vision

  Aritz Sala, Myriam Arrue, J. Eduardo Pérez, Sandra M. Espín-Tello · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper investigates how to measure the complexity of online government forms for people with low vision. The authors recognize that e-government services — accessed primarily through web-based forms — have the potential to greatly benefit people with low vision by allowing…

  low vision · e-government · form accessibility · complexity metrics · user testing

• PDF Readability Enhancement on Mobile Devices

  Zachary Shelton, Chen-Hsiang Yu · 2020 · Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper presents PDFroggy, an Android application that applies content transformation techniques to PDF documents on mobile devices to enhance readability. The research addresses a specific gap: while previous work has demonstrated that content transformation methods like…

  PDF accessibility · readability · mobile accessibility · content transformation · document accessibility