Homomorphic Encryption

Homomorphic encryption is a form of encryption that allows computations to be performed on ciphertext (encrypted data) without first decrypting it, such that the result, when decrypted, matches the result of the same operation on the plaintext. In e-voting, homomorphic tallying enables authorities to sum encrypted ballots to produce an encrypted total that can be decrypted once — revealing only the aggregate result, not individual votes. This technique is foundational for ballot secrecy in verifiable internet voting systems, including those designed to expand access for voters with disabilities who rely on remote participation.