Glossary

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Blockchain(also: Distributed Ledger, Distributed Ledger Technology, DLT)

A blockchain is a distributed, append-only digital ledger in which records (blocks) are cryptographically linked and replicated across a decentralized network of nodes. No single party controls the data; once written, records are extremely difficult to alter. In accessibility…

Homomorphic Encryption(also: Partially Homomorphic Encryption, Fully Homomorphic Encryption, FHE)

Homomorphic encryption is a form of encryption that allows computations to be performed on ciphertext (encrypted data) without first decrypting it, such that the result, when decrypted, matches the result of the same operation on the plaintext. In e-voting, homomorphic tallying…

Mix Network(also: Mixnet, Mix-Net, Re-encryption Mixnet)

A mix network (mixnet) is a cryptographic routing protocol that achieves anonymity by passing encrypted messages through a chain of servers (mix nodes), each of which reorders and re-encrypts the messages before passing them on. In e-voting, mixnets are used to anonymize…

Multi-Party Computation(also: MPC, Secure Multi-Party Computation, SMPC)

Multi-party computation (MPC) is a subfield of cryptography that enables multiple parties to jointly compute a function over their private inputs while keeping those inputs secret from each other. No single party learns anything beyond the output. In accessible digital systems,…

Zero-Knowledge Proof(also: ZKP, Zero-Knowledge Protocol)

A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is a cryptographic method by which one party (the prover) can convince another party (the verifier) that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the truth of the statement itself. For example, a voter can prove they are eligible…

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