Glossary

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Audio CAPTCHA(also: Audio HIP, Audio Human Interaction Proof)

An auditory alternative to visual CAPTCHAs, typically presenting distorted spoken letters, numbers, or words that users must transcribe. While intended as an accessible alternative for blind users, research shows audio CAPTCHAs have success rates of only 43-50% for screen reader…

Graphical Authentication(also: Graphical Password, Picture Password)

An authentication method that uses images, patterns, or visual elements instead of text-based passwords. Graphical authentication leverages human visual memory, which is generally stronger than verbal memory for recognition tasks. Types include recognition-based systems…

Graphical Password(also: Picture Password, Visual Password)

An authentication method that uses images instead of text, requiring users to either recognize previously selected images (recognition-based) or recall specific points on an image (recall-based). Graphical passwords were designed to leverage visual memory, which is often…

Human Interaction Proof(also: HIP, Human Interactive Proof)

A challenge-response test designed to distinguish human users from automated software (bots). Human Interaction Proofs are the technical term for CAPTCHAs and similar verification systems. While effective against automated attacks, HIPs present significant accessibility…

Identity Wallet(also: Digital Identity Wallet, EUDI Wallet)

A smartphone app that stores digitally signed credentials representing attributes of a person's identity — such as name, date of birth, government-issued ID number, student enrolment, or professional qualification — and lets the holder selectively disclose only the attributes…

Multi-Factor Authentication(also: MFA, 2FA, Two-Factor Authentication)

An authentication pattern that requires two or more verification factors — something you know (password), have (phone, token), or are (biometric) — to confirm a user's identity. MFA substantially reduces account compromise from stolen passwords. Accessibility considerations…

Recognition-Based Authentication(also: Cognometric Authentication)

A type of graphical authentication where users authenticate by recognizing and selecting previously registered images from a set that includes decoy images. Unlike recall-based systems that require users to remember and reproduce a pattern, recognition-based systems leverage the…

Verifiable Credential(also: VC)

A cryptographically signed statement about a person, organisation, or object that a relying party can verify without contacting the issuer, following the W3C Verifiable Credentials Data Model. Verifiable credentials are the underlying data format used by identity wallets, and…

eIDAS(also: electronic IDentification, Authentication and trust Services, eIDAS 2.0)

A European Union regulation governing electronic identification and trust services across the single market. The revised eIDAS 2.0 regulation, adopted in 2024, requires each member state to provide a European Digital Identity (EUDI) Wallet to all citizens and residents by the…

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