Glossary

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Face Detection(also: Face Recognition, Facial Detection)

A computer vision technology that identifies and locates human faces within digital images or video frames, typically providing bounding box coordinates around each detected face. Face detection serves as the foundation for more advanced tasks like face recognition (identifying…

Face Recognition(also: Facial Recognition, Face Detection)

A technology that uses computer vision and machine learning to identify or verify a person by analysing their facial features from images or video. In accessibility contexts, face recognition has significant potential as an assistive tool for blind and deafblind people, enabling…

Facial Action Coding System(also: FACS)

A comprehensive, anatomically based system for describing all visually discernible facial movements, originally developed by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen in 1977. FACS decomposes facial expressions into individual components called Action Units (AUs), each corresponding to the…

Facial Expression Analysis(also: Automated Facial Expression Analysis, Facial Coding, AFEA)

The automated classification of a person's facial movements into discrete emotion categories (happy, angry, neutral, surprised, etc.) using computer vision. In hiring, facial expression analysis is embedded in AI-scored video interviews. It has been shown to systematically…

Facial Expression Recognition(also: FER, Facial Action Recognition)

Computer vision technology that detects and classifies facial expressions from images or video. In sign language contexts, facial expression recognition is essential for capturing non-manual signs — the facial movements that carry grammatical meaning in ASL, such as raised…

Facial Gesture Recognition(also: Face Tracking, Facial Expression Recognition)

Technology that uses cameras and computer vision algorithms to detect and interpret facial movements and expressions in real time. For accessibility, facial gestures such as opening the mouth, raising eyebrows, smiling, or nose movements can be mapped to computer commands,…

Facial Recognition(also: Face Recognition, FR)

Facial recognition is a computer vision technology that identifies or verifies a person by analyzing and comparing patterns in their facial features from digital images or video. In accessibility contexts, facial recognition has significant potential to assist blind and low…

Few-Shot Object Recognition(also: Few-Shot Recognition)

A machine learning approach in which a model learns to identify a novel object from only a handful of labelled examples (commonly one to ten) rather than the hundreds or thousands typical of conventional supervised training. Few-shot object recognition underpins teachable and…

Fiducial Marker(also: ArUco Marker, Fiducial Tag)

A visual pattern placed on an object or surface that can be detected and identified by computer vision systems to determine the object's position, orientation, and identity. Fiducial markers such as ArUco markers are commonly used in augmented reality and assistive technology…

Fiducial Marker(also: AR Marker, Visual Marker, Reference Marker)

An artificial visual landmark placed in a physical environment to serve as a reference point for image processing systems. Fiducial markers — such as QR codes, ArUco markers, and BCH matricial markers — are designed for robust detection by cameras under varying conditions of…

Finger Tracking(also: Fingertip Tracking, Finger Detection, Hand Tracking)

Computer vision or sensor-based technology that detects and follows the position and movement of a user's fingers in real-time. In accessibility applications, finger tracking enables hands-free interaction with tactile graphics, touchscreens, and physical objects by monitoring…

Frame differencing(also: Temporal differencing, Background subtraction)

A computer vision technique that detects motion or changes in video by comparing consecutive frames pixel by pixel. In accessibility applications, frame differencing can identify instructor actions in presentation videos, detect gestures in sign language recognition, or track…

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