Glossary

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ADA Compliance(also: Americans with Disabilities Act Compliance)

Adherence to the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a 1990 US civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, telecommunications, and government services. ADA compliance…

ADA Title II(also: Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act)

The section of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) that prohibits discrimination based on disability by public entities, including all state and local governments and their departments, agencies, and instrumentalities. Title II requires that people with disabilities have…

Accessible parking(also: Disability parking, Handicapped parking, Reserved parking)

Designated parking spaces that meet specific design requirements under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and similar regulations to ensure equitable access for people with disabilities. Accessible parking spaces must have minimum dimensions, adjacent access aisles for…

Automated Decision-Making(also: ADM, Algorithmic Decision-Making)

The process of making decisions about individuals using automated means, typically involving AI or algorithmic systems, with limited or no human intervention. Under the GDPR, "solely automated" decisions that produce "legal or similarly significant effects" on individuals are…

Data Protection Impact Assessment(also: DPIA, Privacy Impact Assessment, PIA)

A process required under GDPR Article 35 for assessing and mitigating risks to individuals' rights and freedoms before undertaking high-risk data processing. DPIAs are mandatory when processing is "likely to result in a high risk," including large-scale processing of special…

Direct Discrimination

A form of unlawful discrimination where a person is treated less favorably than others because of a protected characteristic such as disability, race, or sex. Under UK and EU equality law, direct discrimination occurs when the unfavorable treatment is explicitly motivated by the…

Employment Discrimination(also: Workplace Discrimination, Hiring Discrimination)

Unjust or unequal treatment of workers or job seekers on the basis of protected characteristics including disability, age, race, gender, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation. In the United States, disability-based employment discrimination is covered by the Americans…

Equality Act(also: Equality Act 2010, UK Equality Act)

UK legislation that consolidates and strengthens anti-discrimination law across nine protected characteristics including disability. The Act prohibits direct and indirect discrimination in services, public functions, premises, work, education, and associations. For disability…

GDPR(also: General Data Protection Regulation)

A comprehensive data privacy regulation enacted by the European Union in 2018 that governs how organizations collect, store, process, and share personal data of EU residents. GDPR establishes key principles including consent (users must actively agree to data collection), the…

General Data Protection Regulation(also: GDPR)

A European Union regulation (2016/679) that governs the collection, processing, and storage of personal data for individuals within the EU and EEA. GDPR requires that consent for data processing be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous—which has significant…

HIPAA(also: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

A 1996 United States federal law that establishes national standards for the protection of certain health information. HIPAA's Privacy Rule governs who may access protected health information (PHI), while its Security Rule mandates administrative, physical, and technical…

Indirect Discrimination(also: Disparate Impact)

A form of unlawful discrimination where a policy, criterion, or practice that appears neutral on its face disproportionately disadvantages people with a protected characteristic. Unlike direct discrimination, there is no need to prove discriminatory intent—it is sufficient to…

Individualized Education Program(also: IEP, Individualized Education Plan)

An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a legally binding document in the United States that outlines the specialized instruction, services, accommodations, and goals for a student with a disability who qualifies under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).…

Legally Blind(also: Legal Blindness)

A legal classification of visual impairment used to determine eligibility for government benefits, rehabilitation services, and disability accommodations. In the United States, legal blindness is defined as visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with best correction,…

Olmstead Decision(also: Olmstead v. L.C.)

A landmark 1999 United States Supreme Court ruling that held requiring disabled people to live in institutional settings when they could live in the community constitutes unlawful discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act. The decision mandated that states provide…

Protected Characteristic(also: Protected Class, Protected Ground)

A personal attribute that is protected from discrimination under equality legislation. Under the UK Equality Act 2010, the nine protected characteristics are: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief,…

Reasonable accommodation(also: Reasonable adjustment, Workplace accommodation)

A modification or adjustment to a job, work environment, or workplace process that enables an employee with a disability to perform essential job functions and enjoy equal employment opportunities. Reasonable accommodations can include flexible work hours, quiet workspaces,…

Revocable Consent(also: Withdrawable Consent)

A consent pattern in which the user can withdraw their previously granted permission at any time, typically through a persistent, discoverable UI control that immediately halts data processing and triggers deletion of data collected under that consent. A stronger form than…

Right to Erasure(also: Right to be Forgotten, GDPR Article 17)

A user right under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (Article 17) to have their personal data deleted by a data controller when certain conditions are met (e.g., data no longer needed, consent withdrawn, unlawful processing). Implemented in accessible products through…

Right-of-Way(also: Pedestrian Right-of-Way, ROW)

Right-of-way refers to the legal right of a pedestrian, vehicle, or other entity to proceed with precedence over others in a specific area of public space. In accessibility, pedestrian right-of-way is critical because sidewalks, curb ramps, and crosswalks are essential pathways…

Special Category Data(also: Sensitive Personal Data)

Under the GDPR, certain types of personal data that receive heightened protection due to their sensitive nature. Special categories include data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, trade union membership, genetic data, biometric data, health…

Supported Decision-Making(also: SDM)

A legal and practical alternative to guardianship in which a person with a cognitive or developmental disability retains decision-making authority over their own life while receiving support from trusted people — family, friends, advocates — who help them understand options,…

Workplace Accommodation(also: Reasonable Accommodation, Job Accommodation, Work Adjustment)

Modifications or adjustments to a job, work environment, or the way work is performed that enable a qualified person with a disability to perform essential job functions and enjoy equal employment opportunities. Workplace accommodations may include physical changes (accessible…

ePrivacy Directive(also: Cookie Directive, EU Cookie Law, Directive 2002/58/EC)

A European Union directive that complements GDPR by specifically addressing privacy in electronic communications, including the use of cookies and similar tracking technologies. The directive requires websites to obtain informed consent before storing cookies on user devices.…

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