Glossary

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Dysphagia(also: Swallowing Disorder, Swallowing Difficulty)

A swallowing disorder that makes it difficult or impossible to move food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach safely. Dysphagia commonly occurs alongside communication disorders following stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurological conditions. While not directly a…

Dysphonia(also: voice disorder, phonation disorder)

A voice disorder characterized by abnormal pitch, loudness, quality, or resonance of the voice resulting from impaired function of the larynx or vocal cords. Dysphonia can range from mild hoarseness to complete voice loss (aphonia) and may be caused by vocal cord nodules,…

Laryngectomy(also: Total Laryngectomy)

The surgical removal of the larynx (voice box), typically performed as treatment for advanced laryngeal or throat cancer. A total laryngectomy results in the permanent loss of the natural voice, as the vocal folds that produce speech are removed. The airway is also permanently…

Macroglossia(also: Enlarged Tongue)

A condition characterized by an abnormally large tongue relative to the oral cavity, commonly associated with Down syndrome and certain other genetic conditions. Macroglossia affects speech production by altering articulation, particularly for sounds requiring precise tongue…

Spasticity(also: Muscle Spasticity, Hypertonia)

A condition in which muscles are continuously contracted or stiff, causing tightness and resistance to movement. Spasticity is a common symptom of cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and stroke, and can significantly impact fine motor control needed for tasks…

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