Glossary

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Ataxia(also: Cerebellar Ataxia)

A neurological condition characterized by impaired coordination and control of voluntary movements, typically caused by damage to the cerebellum or its connections. People with ataxia may experience unsteady gait, tremors, slurred speech, and difficulty with fine motor tasks…

Cerebral Palsy(also: CP)

A group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood, caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Cerebral palsy affects approximately 1 million people in the United States, with symptoms…

Friedreich's Ataxia(also: FA, FRDA)

A progressive neuromuscular disease causing increasing ataxia (loss of voluntary coordination of muscle movements), dysarthria (slurred speech), muscle weakness, and in many cases pathological nystagmus (involuntary eye movements). Friedreich's Ataxia typically presents in…

Hemiparesis(also: Hemiplegia, One-Sided Weakness)

Weakness or partial paralysis affecting one side of the body, commonly resulting from stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurological conditions. Hemiparesis affects motor control, coordination, and strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on the affected side. People with…

Hemiplegia(also: Hemiparesis)

A condition involving paralysis or severe weakness on one side of the body, most commonly resulting from stroke but also caused by traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, or other neurological conditions. Hemiplegia affects the arm, leg, and sometimes facial muscles on the…

Hypotonia(also: Low Muscle Tone, Muscle Hypotonia, Floppy Muscle Syndrome)

A condition characterized by decreased muscle tone, resulting in reduced resistance to passive movement and often affecting posture and motor control. Hypotonia is common in many developmental disabilities including Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, and various genetic conditions.…

Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy(also: SDR, Dorsal Rhizotomy)

A neurosurgical procedure used to reduce spasticity in the legs and sometimes arms of people with cerebral palsy, by selectively cutting sensory nerve fibers in the spinal cord that contribute to abnormal muscle tone. SDR can improve mobility, reduce pain, and increase…

Spasticity(also: Muscle Spasticity, Hypertonia)

A condition in which muscles are continuously contracted or stiff, causing tightness and resistance to movement. Spasticity is a common symptom of cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and stroke, and can significantly impact fine motor control needed for tasks…

Upper Body Motor Impairment(also: Upper Limb Impairment, Upper Extremity Disability)

A condition affecting the motor function of the arms, hands, or upper body that limits or prevents the use of standard input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens. Upper body motor impairments can result from conditions including amputation, cerebral palsy, spinal…

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