Glossary

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Back-Translation(also: Reverse Translation)

A quality assurance method used in survey and instrument translation where a translated version is independently translated back into the original language by a different translator. The back-translated text is then compared with the original to identify meaning losses or…

Barrier Walkthrough Method(also: BW Method, Barrier Walkthrough)

An accessibility evaluation method developed by Giorgio Brajnik that groups Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) success criteria by user categories such as blind users, people with low vision, and motor-impaired users. Unlike standard WCAG audits that evaluate all…

Bespoke Co-Design(also: Personalised Co-Design)

An approach to participatory design in which interventions are co-designed individually with each user rather than in group settings, allowing for highly targeted and personalised solutions. In accessibility contexts, bespoke co-design recognises that people with variable…

Best-Worst Scaling(also: BWS, Maximum Difference Scaling, MaxDiff)

A survey methodology for efficiently collecting ranking judgments from participants over a large set of items. Instead of asking participants to rank all items at once (which becomes cognitively overwhelming beyond a handful of options), BWS presents small subsets (N-tuples,…

Between-Subjects Design(also: Between-Groups Design, Independent-Groups Design)

A between-subjects design is an experimental research design in which each participant is assigned to only one condition, and the conditions are compared across different groups of people. It contrasts with within-subjects (repeated-measures) designs, in which every participant…

Bias Benchmarking Questionnaire(also: BBQ)

A standardized dataset used in AI fairness research to evaluate social biases in language models. The BBQ consists of carefully crafted context-question pairs designed to test whether models exhibit stereotypical associations related to age, gender, race, disability, and other…

Bidirectional Learning

A principle in community-based and participatory design research in which knowledge flows in both directions between researchers/designers and community members, rather than researchers extracting data from participants. In accessibility contexts, bidirectional learning means…

Binary Classification(also: Two-Class Classification)

A type of supervised machine learning task where the goal is to categorize items into one of exactly two classes. In accessibility research, binary classification has been applied to automatically determine whether a bug report is accessibility-related or not, whether user…

Biomechanics(also: Human Biomechanics, Movement Science)

The study of the mechanical principles governing the movement and structure of living organisms, particularly the human body. In accessibility and rehabilitation, biomechanics is applied to understand how disabilities affect movement, design assistive devices like orthoses and…

Body Sheet(also: Body Map, Body Mapping)

A body sheet is an outline drawing of the human body (typically front, back, and side views) used as a canvas onto which participants map bodily sensations, emotions, or symptoms. Originating in art therapy and physiotherapy pain-mapping practice, body sheets have been adopted…

Bonferroni Correction(also: Bonferroni Adjustment)

The Bonferroni correction is a statistical adjustment that controls the family-wise error rate when multiple hypothesis tests are performed on the same data. It divides the target significance threshold (commonly 0.05) by the number of comparisons, so with three pairwise tests…

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