Glossary

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In Situ Study(also: Field Study, In-the-Wild Study, Remote Study)

An in situ study is a research method where participants are observed or data is collected in their natural environment rather than in a controlled laboratory setting. In accessibility research, in situ studies are particularly valuable because they capture how users interact…

In-Situ Deployment(also: In-Situ Study, Field Deployment Study)

A research methodology in which a functional prototype or product is installed on participants' own devices and used in their everyday environment over days, weeks, or months, rather than in a controlled laboratory session. In-situ deployments are especially valuable for…

In-Situ Intervention(also: in-context intervention, just-in-time intervention)

An in-situ intervention is a technological or design feature that is invoked within a user's existing workflow and context, rather than requiring them to switch to a separate application or interrupt their current task. In accessibility research, in-situ interventions are…

In-situ Study(also: In-situ evaluation, Field study)

A user study conducted in the real-world setting where the technology would actually be used (a museum floor, a corridor with passersby, a commuter train), rather than in a controlled lab or via remotely viewed videos. In-situ studies matter for accessibility research because…

Inclusive Co-Design(also: Inclusive Participatory Design)

A design methodology that ensures people from typically marginalized groups, including people with intellectual disabilities, are meaningfully included throughout the technology design process as equals rather than subjects. Inclusive co-design adapts traditional participatory…

Inductive Thematic Analysis(also: Bottom-Up Thematic Analysis)

A qualitative data analysis method where themes and patterns are identified directly from the data without being guided by pre-existing theoretical frameworks or hypotheses. In inductive thematic analysis, researchers read through data (such as interview transcripts or online…

Information Power

A sample-adequacy principle for qualitative research, proposed by Malterud, Siersma, and Guassora (2016), which holds that the more information a study sample holds that is relevant to the research question, the fewer participants are needed. Adequacy is judged against five…

Information Quality(also: IQ, Data Quality)

A measure of how well information meets the needs of its consumers, encompassing dimensions such as accuracy, completeness, currency, relevance, and reliability. In accessibility and disability contexts, information quality on digital platforms is critical because people with…

Infrastructuring

A theoretical lens from HCI, CSCW, and participatory design (developed from the work of Susan Leigh Star, Karen Ruhleder, Volkmar Pipek, and Volker Wulf) that treats infrastructure not as a finished artifact but as an ongoing, situated accomplishment. Infrastructuring highlights…

Input Logging(also: Keystroke Logging, Input Event Logging)

The practice of recording detailed timestamped data about keyboard and mouse events — including key presses, releases, mouse movements, clicks, and button states — for analysis of user interaction patterns. In accessibility research, input logging is used to study the…

Inter-Annotator Agreement(also: IAA, Inter-rater agreement, Inter-coder agreement)

A statistical measure of how consistently two or more human annotators assign the same label to the same data item, widely used in NLP, computer vision, and AI dataset construction as a proxy for label quality. Common measures include Cohen's kappa, Fleiss' kappa, and…

Inter-Rater Reliability(also: Inter-Coder Reliability, Inter-Annotator Agreement, IRR)

A statistical measure of the degree to which two or more independent raters or coders agree in their assessments or classifications of the same data. In accessibility research, inter-rater reliability is used to validate qualitative coding of user study data, annotation of…

Interaction Analysis

A qualitative research method for studying knowledge and action in interaction with people, objects, and environments — typically through close observation of video or screen recordings, annotating visible affect, body language, utterances, and moment-by-moment behavior.…

Interaction with Disabled Persons Scale(also: IDP Scale, IDP)

A standardized 20-item attitudinal instrument developed by Gething and Wheeler (1992) and later validated by Forlin, Fogarty, and Caroll (1999), designed to measure both desirable and undesirable emotions that people experience when interacting with individuals who have…

Intergroup Contact Theory(also: ICT, Contact Hypothesis)

A social-psychology theory, originating with Gordon Allport's 1954 contact hypothesis and elaborated by Pettigrew, Tropp, and others, which holds that positive, meaningful interaction between members of different social groups reduces prejudice and increases acceptance —…

Internal Reliability(also: Internal Consistency)

A psychometric property that measures whether all items in a questionnaire or instrument contribute consistently to the overall score. It is commonly assessed using Cronbach's alpha, where values of 0.7 and above are generally considered acceptable. In accessibility research,…

Internet Archive(also: Wayback Machine, Web Archive)

A non-profit digital library founded in 1996 that archives web pages, books, audio, video, and software for free public access. Its Wayback Machine service stores historical snapshots of websites, allowing researchers to view how web pages appeared at specific points in time. In…

Interpersonal Reactivity Index(also: IRI)

A widely used multidimensional self-report measure of empathy developed by Mark H. Davis in 1980. The instrument contains four seven-item subscales: perspective taking (the tendency to adopt another's point of view), empathic concern (feelings of warmth and compassion for…

Interpretive phenomenological analysis(also: IPA)

A qualitative research methodology focused on exploring how people make sense of their lived experiences, widely used in accessibility and disability research. IPA involves detailed analysis of individual accounts — typically through in-depth interviews — to understand…

Intra-sectionality(also: Intra-sectional Analysis)

The examination of variation and diversity within a single identity category or demographic group, as opposed to intersectionality which examines the interaction between different identity categories. In disability research, intra-sectionality reveals that people within a single…

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory(also: IMI)

A standardized psychometric instrument used to assess participants' subjective experience during activities, measuring dimensions such as interest/enjoyment, perceived competence, effort/importance, value/usefulness, and felt pressure/tension. The IMI is commonly used in HCI and…

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