Glossary

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LLM(also: Large Language Model)

A large neural network trained on enormous volumes of text (and often code and images) to predict and generate natural language. Modern LLMs such as GPT-5, Claude, and Gemini can follow instructions, reason step-by-step, use tools, and — in multimodal variants — interpret images…

Landmark Extraction(also: Keypoint Detection, Skeletal Tracking)

A computer vision technique that identifies and tracks specific anatomical points (landmarks or keypoints) on the human body, hands, and face from images or video. In sign language technology, landmark extraction is a critical preprocessing step that converts raw video into…

Learning Management System(also: LMS)

A software platform used to create, deliver, manage, and track educational content and learning activities. Common examples include Blackboard, Moodle, Canvas, and Google Classroom. In the context of accessibility, LMS platforms are critical because they serve as the primary…

Linked Data(also: Linked Open Data, LOD)

A method of publishing structured data on the web so that it can be interlinked and queried across different sources using standard web technologies such as URIs and RDF (Resource Description Framework). In accessibility contexts, linked data has been proposed as a way to…

Linked Data(also: Linked Open Data, LOD)

A method of publishing structured data on the web so that it can be interlinked and queried across different sources using Semantic Web technologies such as RDF, URIs, and SPARQL. Linked Data principles enable disparate datasets — for example, transport accessibility information…

Localization(also: Position Estimation, Indoor Localization, User Localization)

Localization is the process of determining a user's position within an environment, typically using a combination of sensors such as GPS, inertial measurement units, BLE beacons, Wi-Fi signals, or computer vision. Accurate localization is the foundational challenge for all…

Location-Based Service(also: LBS, Location-Based Services)

A software application or platform that uses geographic position data — from GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth beacons, or other localization technologies — to deliver context-aware information or functionality to users based on their physical location. In accessibility, location-based…

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