Glossary

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Landmark Navigation(also: Navigate by Landmarks, ARIA Landmark Navigation)

A screen reader navigation strategy that allows users to jump between major structural regions of a webpage defined by ARIA landmark roles (banner, navigation, main, complementary, contentinfo, search, form) or their equivalent HTML5 semantic elements. Landmark navigation…

Large-Scale Web Accessibility Evaluation(also: Large-Scale Accessibility Assessment, Web Accessibility Survey)

The systematic automated or semi-automated assessment of web accessibility across hundreds or thousands of websites to understand broad trends, compliance rates, and the overall state of accessibility on the web. These evaluations typically use automated testing tools like…

Layout Table(also: Presentational Table)

An HTML table element used to control the visual positioning of content on a web page rather than to present tabular data. Layout tables were a common web design technique before CSS became widely supported, but their use is now considered a significant accessibility barrier.…

Line Chart Accessibility(also: Accessible Line Graphs, Chart Accessibility)

The practice of making line charts and graphs perceivable and understandable by people with visual impairments through alternative representations such as tactile graphics, sonification, speech descriptions, or multimodal interfaces. Accessible line charts must convey not just…

Line Spacing(also: Leading, Line Height, Line-Height)

The vertical distance between lines of text, controlled in CSS by the line-height property. Adequate line spacing is important for readability and accessibility, particularly for people with low vision, dyslexia, or cognitive disabilities. Research shows that both younger and…

Linearization(also: Content linearization, Serial presentation)

The process by which screen readers convert two-dimensional visual page layouts into a single sequential audio stream, reading content in DOM order. Linearization strips away spatial relationships, visual groupings, and layout cues that sighted users rely on for navigation and…

Link Annotation(also: Link Augmentation, Link Labelling)

The practice of adding supplementary information to hyperlinks to help users make informed navigation decisions before clicking. In web accessibility, link annotations may include the accessibility level of the target page, the file type and size of linked documents, or…

Link Context(also: Anchor Context, Link Surrounding Context)

The text and information surrounding a hypertext link that helps users understand the link's purpose and destination. For sighted users, link context is often apparent from the visual layout — headings, images, and nearby text provide clues about what a link does. For screen…

Link Preview(also: Link Destination Preview, Link Target Preview)

Information about the content or nature of a hypertext link's destination page, provided to users before they follow the link. Link previews help users make informed navigation decisions, reducing the costly trial-and-error of following links to discover their content and then…

Link Purpose(also: Link Purpose (In Context), WCAG 2.4.4, Link Text)

A WCAG 2.4.4 Level A success criterion requiring that the purpose of each link be determinable from the link text alone, or from the link text together with its programmatically determined context (surrounding sentence, list item, table cell, containing paragraph). Links worded…

Listenability(also: Auditory Readability, Speech-Output Quality)

A web-accessibility usability metric that measures how appropriate a page's rendered text is when read aloud by a screen reader or voice browser — complementary to, and distinct from, raw WCAG conformance. Listenability penalises meaningless or placeholder ALT text (such as…

Live Region(also: ARIA Live Region, aria-live)

A section of a web page that is dynamically updated and announced by assistive technologies without requiring the user to navigate to it. Live regions are defined using the WAI-ARIA aria-live attribute, which can be set to "polite" (announced when the screen reader is idle),…

Logical Navigation(also: Structural Navigation, Semantic Navigation)

A non-visual navigation strategy in which a user moves through a web page by its semantic structure — jumping between heading levels, ARIA landmarks, skip links, form fields, or other role-tagged regions — rather than reading the content sequentially or sampling fragments by…

Long Description(also: Extended Description, longdesc)

A detailed textual description of an image or other non-text content that goes beyond the brief summary provided by alt text. Long descriptions are used for complex images such as charts, diagrams, infographics, or detailed illustrations where a short alt text cannot convey all…

Luminance(also: Relative Luminance)

The relative brightness of a color as perceived by the human eye, measured on a scale from 0 (black) to 1 (white). In accessibility, relative luminance is the foundation of WCAG color contrast ratio calculations, which compare the luminance of foreground text against its…

Lynx

A text-only web browser that runs in terminal or command-line environments, displaying web content as plain text without images, JavaScript, or visual formatting. Developed in 1992 at the University of Kansas, Lynx was historically significant for web accessibility because its…

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