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• User tests demonstration: real experiences in measuring web accessibility needs for people with disabilities and the elderly

  Jesus Hernandez Galán, J. Ángel Martinez Usero, M. Jesús Varela Méndez · 2009 · Proceedings of the 2009 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibililty (W4A)

  This workshop paper from the ONCE Foundation, CIDAT, and Technosite in Spain describes a practical demonstration of user testing with people with disabilities and elderly participants as part of web accessibility evaluation. Set within the European policy context of the 2005…

  user testing · accessibility evaluation · aging · European accessibility policy · UWEM

• Evaluating Existing Audio CAPTCHAs and an Interface Optimized for Non-Visual Use

  Jeffrey P. Bigham, Anna C. Cavender · 2009 · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2009)

  This paper presents the first large-scale evaluation of audio CAPTCHAs — the purportedly accessible alternative to visual CAPTCHAs — revealing that they are dramatically more difficult for both blind and sighted users. The study gathered 10 types of audio CAPTCHAs from major…

  blind and low vision · web accessibility · screen readers · CAPTCHA · authentication

• Experimental Evaluation of Usability and Accessibility of Heading Elements

  Takayuki Watanabe · 2007 · Proceedings of the 2007 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This study by Takayuki Watanabe of Tokyo Woman's Christian University provides empirical evidence for something the accessibility community has long advocated: that proper semantic markup of heading elements (h1-h6) significantly improves both usability and accessibility. The…

  semantic HTML · heading elements · screen readers · usability testing · blindness

• Slipping and drifting: using older users to uncover pen-based target acquisition difficulties

  Karyn A. Moffatt, Joanna McGrenere · 2007 · Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '07)

  Moffatt and McGrenere present an empirical study at the University of British Columbia investigating the underlying causes of pen-based target acquisition difficulty on a Tablet PC, with explicit attention to how age affects targeting ability. Thirty-six right-handed…

  target acquisition · pen-based interaction · stylus · tablet PC · older adults

• Analysis of Navigability of Web Applications for Improving Blind Usability

  Hironobu Takagi, Shin Saito, Kentarou Fukuda, Chieko Asakawa · 2007 · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), Vol. 14, No. 3, Article 13

  This TOCHI article is a two-study investigation into why modern web applications — especially visually dense online shopping sites — remain slow and frustrating for blind users even when they pass automated accessibility checks. The authors argue that current usability theory,…

  web accessibility · screen readers · voice browser · navigation · usability testing

• Using Think Aloud Protocol with Blind Users: A Case for Inclusive Usability Evaluation Methods

  Sambhavi Chandrashekar, Tony Stockman, Deborah Fels, Rachel Benedyk · 2006 · Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '06)

  This paper examines whether the Think Aloud Protocol (TAP), one of the most widely used usability evaluation methods, can be effectively applied when testing with blind screen reader users. The study involved six vision-impaired students evaluating a website designed to test the…

  usability testing · think aloud protocol · blind users · screen readers · research methods

• Do Text Transcoders Improve Usability for Disabled Users?

  Giorgio Brajnik, Daniela Cancila, Daniela Nicoli, Mery Pignatelli · 2005 · Proceedings of the 2005 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)

  This paper presents the first scientific user study examining whether text transcoders — proxy-based systems that dynamically transform web pages into text-only versions — actually improve usability for disabled users. Text transcoders strip images, JavaScript, multimedia, and…

  text transcoding · usability testing · accessibility overlays · screen readers · low vision

• Effect of Age and Parkinson's Disease on Cursor Positioning Using a Mouse

  Simeon Keates, Shari Trewin · 2005 · Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Assets '05)

  This paper presents a detailed empirical study examining how age and Parkinson's disease affect the ability to perform point-and-click tasks with a computer mouse. The researchers recruited 24 participants across four groups: young adults (ages 20-30), adults (ages 35-65), older…

  motor accessibility · aging · Parkinson's disease · cursor control · mouse interaction

• Evaluating Web Resources for Disability Access

  Murray Rowan, Peter Gregor, David Sloan, Paul Booth · 2000 · Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '00)

  This paper from the University of Dundee's Digital Media Access Group argues that existing accessibility evaluation methods in 2000 were individually insufficient and proposes a comprehensive meta-methodology that combines multiple evaluation techniques into a structured…

  accessibility evaluation · accessibility audit · automated testing · manual testing · heuristic evaluation

• A Comparison of Voice Controlled and Mouse Controlled Web Browsing

  Kevin Christian, Bill Kules, Ben Shneiderman, Adel Youssef · 2000 · Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '00)

  This within-subjects study from the University of Maryland compared voice-controlled web browsing with traditional mouse-based browsing using 18 participants. The researchers used Conversa, a commercial voice browser from Conversational Computing that renders pages visually…

  voice browser · speech recognition · web navigation · voice control · hypertext

• Investigating the Applicability of User Models for Motion-Impaired Users

  Simeon Keates, John Clarkson, Peter Robinson · 2000 · Proceedings of the Fourth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '00)

  This paper from the University of Cambridge investigates whether the Model Human Processor (MHP) — a foundational user model from Card, Moran, and Newell's "The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction" — accurately describes how motion-impaired users interact with computers.…

  motor impairment · user modeling · universal access · human-computer interaction · cerebral palsy

• Digital Talking Books on a PC: A Usability Evaluation of the Prototype DAISY Playback Software

  Sarah Morley · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper describes the design and usability evaluation of the first PC-based DAISY (Digital Audio-Based Information System) playback software, developed at the request of the Swedish Braille and Talking Book Library. The DAISY system represented a major advance over…

  DAISY · digital talking book · usability testing · blind and low vision · auditory navigation

• Adaptation of a Cash Dispenser to the Needs of Blind and Visually Impaired People

  Jens M. Manzke · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from ETH Zurich describes the software adaptation of an Olivetti cash dispenser (ATM) to make it accessible to blind and visually impaired people, conducted as part of Switzerland's Walk-up-and-use Technology initiative. The key constraint was that no hardware…

  ATM accessibility · self-service terminals · blind users · low vision · speech output

• An Approach to the Evaluation of Assistive Technology

  Robert D. Stevens, Alistair D. N. Edwards · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This University of York paper addresses a fundamental challenge in assistive technology research: the difficulty of conducting rigorous evaluations using conventional controlled testing paradigms. The authors identify several obstacles specific to assistive technology…

  assistive technology evaluation · mathematical accessibility · blind users · earcon · auditory interface