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• AuslanSpell: An Interactive Technology for Improving Auslan Fingerspelling Comprehension

  Kalin Stefanov, Andre Ky Pham, Antony Smith Loose, Lucy M Robertson-Bell, Louisa Jane Vaughan Willoughby · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  AuslanSpell is an interactive learning tool that converts arbitrary English text into 3D motion-captured animations of Australian Sign Language (Auslan) fingerspelling, targeting hearing learners who struggle with the hardest part of sign-language learning: reading…

  Auslan · fingerspelling · sign language · signing avatar · language learning

• Exploring AI Opportunities in Deaf Education: Understanding Design Needs Through Teacher and Parent Perspectives in Bangladesh

  Md. Ataur Rahman Bhuiyan, Nadim Mahmud Dipu, Tanvir Rahman, Oindri Aurunima Sarker, Shidhartha Chakrabarty Turzo, Jannatun Noor · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  This CHI 2026 qualitative study investigates how AI-powered educational tools should be designed for Deaf learners in Bangladesh — a low-resource context where Bangla Sign Language (BdSL) is still evolving, datasets are small, and infrastructure (internet, electricity, devices)…

  deaf education · sign language · Bangla Sign Language · BdSL · artificial intelligence

• FAME: Exploring Expressive Facial Avatars for Lyrical and Non-Lyrical Music Visualization for d/Deaf Individuals

  Suhyeon Yoo, Yifang Pan, Ashish Ajin Thomas, Karan Singh, Khai N. Truong · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  This CHI 2026 paper investigates whether expressive facial avatars can carry the emotional and structural richness of music — rhythm, pitch, melody, lyrics, and emotion — to d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) audiences in ways that captions and abstract visualizers cannot. The…

  Deaf music · DHH · music accessibility · facial avatar · music visualization

• Reimagining Sign Language Technologies: Analyzing Translation Work of Chinese Deaf Online Content Creators

  Xinru Tang, Anne Marie Piper · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  Tang and Piper investigate the translation practices of thirteen deaf Chinese online content creators who produce sign language videos for Kuaishou, Bilibili, Douyin, WeChat, and Xiaohongshu, reaching audiences that range from thousands to nearly a quarter million followers. The…

  sign language · deaf accessibility · sign language translation · content creators · translanguaging

• Disclosure Matters: How Self-Disclosure Statements in Song Signing Videos Shape d/Deaf Audiences' Acceptance of Culturally Sensitive Content

  Suhyeon Yoo, Somang Nam, Mark Chignell, Khai N. Truong · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  This CHI 2026 paper investigates whether self-disclosure statements (SDS) — short first-person texts in which a song signer describes their identity, motivations, training, and relationship to the Deaf community — can improve how d/Deaf audiences receive song signing videos on…

  self-disclosure · Deaf culture · song signing · cultural appropriation · sign language

• Social Play Between Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Hearing Peers: Learning from Children and School Ecosystems

  Jing Zhao, Isabel Neto, Michaela Okosi, Paulo Vaz de Carvalho, Hugo Nicolau · 2026 · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '26)

  This CHI 2026 paper investigates how Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) children and their hearing peers engage in social play on school playgrounds, and how the surrounding school ecosystem shapes those interactions. The authors frame the work with Bronfenbrenner's ecological model…

  deaf and hard of hearing · DHH children · social play · school ecosystem · peer culture

• "We need a vision first": Speculating Deaf-Centered Immersive Classrooms

  Shuxu Huffman, Abraham Glasser, Christopher Hayes, Christian Vogler, Raja Kushalnagar · 2026 · Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '26)

  Huffman and colleagues at Gallaudet University present an all-Deaf-authored speculative design study that asks not how extended-reality (XR) classrooms can be retrofitted for Deaf students, but what XR classrooms should look like when Deaf teachers lead the design from scratch.…

  Deaf Tech · extended reality · Deaf culture · Deaf education · speculative design

• LaboSignes: an Interactive French Sign Language Recognition Interface

  Jules Françoise, Julie Lascar, Cyril Verrechia, Sidonie Minodier, Michèle Gouiffès, Annelies Braffort · 2026 · Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’26)

  LaboSignes is a web-based interactive French Sign Language (LSF) recognition system aimed at search-by-sign, addressing the fact that most online resources, including bilingual dictionaries and news sites, are navigable only through written French, which is a second language for…

  sign language · French Sign Language · sign language recognition · Deaf accessibility · gesture recognition

• Exploring Collaboration to Center the Deaf Community in Sign Language AI

  Rie Kamikubo, Abraham Glasser, Alex X Lu, Hal Daumé III, Hernisa Kacorri, Danielle Bragg · 2025 · ASSETS 2025: 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  This paper investigates the critical disconnect between machine learning (ML) practitioners and Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) signers in the development of sign language AI technologies. Despite sign language processing's promise for societal inclusivity, the field…

  Deaf community · sign language · American Sign Language · machine learning · participatory AI

• Barriers to Employment: The Deaf Multimedia Authoring Tax

  Christian Vogler, Abraham Glasser, Raja Kushalnagar, Matthew Seita, Mariana Arroyo Chavez, Keith Delk, Paige DeVries, Molly Feanny, Bernard Thompson, James Waller · 2025 · Proceedings of the 22nd International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This paper from Gallaudet University describes through firsthand experience the enormous additional burden — termed the "deaf multimedia authoring tax" — that deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people face when creating accessible multimedia content for the workplace. Written by a…

  deaf and hard of hearing · sign language · content creation · workplace accessibility · captioning

• ZINinNGT: A Mobile Tool to Aid Hearing Parents Learning Dutch Sign Language

  Jos Ritmeester, Beyza Sümer, Marije Boonstra, Maartje de Meulder, Belinda van der Aa, Floris Roelofsen · 2024 · Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '24)

  This short paper examines the potential of ZINinNGT, a mobile learning application designed to help hearing parents of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children learn Dutch Sign Language (Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT). The research addresses a critical communication gap: over 90%…

  sign language · deaf and hard of hearing · language learning · mobile application · family communication

• Using Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Sign Language Recognition: Towards a system that provides instant feedback to learners of sign language

  Rami Aldahir, Ronald R. Grau · 2024 · Proceedings of the 21st International Web for All Conference (W4A)

  This short paper presents a prototype system that uses computer vision and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to recognize finger-spelled letters in British Sign Language (BSL), providing real-time feedback to learners. The system addresses a gap in sign language instruction:…

  sign language · British Sign Language · computer vision · deep learning · fingerspelling

• "Signifier" Video Sharing Platform and Accessible Media Player for Deaf Users

  Paraskevi Panagi, Alexandros Yeratziotis, Thomas Fotiadis, Christos Mettouris, George Angelos Papadopoulos · 2024 · Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good (GoodIT)

  This paper from the University of Cyprus and Connect Deaf presents the "Signifier" video sharing platform and its integrated Signifier Accessible Media Player (SiAMP), designed specifically to address the lack of accessible video media for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (D & HH)…

  deaf accessibility · sign language · media accessibility · video accessibility · inclusive design

• Jod: Examining Design and Implementation of a Videoconferencing Platform for Mixed Hearing Groups

  Mittal, Anant, Gupta, Meghna, Poddar, Roshni, Naik, Tarini, Kuppuraj, Seethalakshmi, Fogarty, James, Kumar, Pratyush, Jain, Mohit · 2023 · Proceedings of the 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS)

  This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of Jod (a Hindi word meaning "link"), a web-based videoconferencing platform purpose-built for mixed hearing group communication. Current platforms like Zoom, Teams, and Google Meet present significant accessibility…

  deaf and hard of hearing · videoconferencing · sign language · mixed hearing groups · visual layout

• Investigating Sign Language Interpreter Rendering and Guiding Methods in Virtual Reality 360-Degree Content

  Craig Anderton · 2022 · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '22)

  This paper explores how sign language interpretation can be effectively presented in virtual reality 360-degree (VR360) three-degrees-of-freedom video content. The research addresses a significant gap: while VR accessibility guidelines exist for subtitles, there has been almost…

  sign language · virtual reality · extended reality · 360-degree video · deaf accessibility

• ASL Wiki: An Exploratory Interface for Crowdsourcing ASL Translations

  Abraham Glasser, Fyodor Minakov, Danielle Bragg · 2022 · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '22)

  This paper presents ASL Wiki, a novel bilingual web interface that enables the Deaf and Hard-of-hearing (DHH) community to crowdsource English-to-American Sign Language (ASL) translations of text articles. The system addresses two interconnected problems: the severe lack of…

  sign language · ASL · Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing · crowdsourcing · bilingual interface

• Support in the Moment: Benefits and use of video-span selection and search for sign-language video comprehension among ASL learners

  Saad Hassan, Akhter Al Amin, Caluã de Lacerda Pataca, Diego Navarro, Alexis Gordon, Sooyeon Lee, Matt Huenerfauth · 2022 · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '22)

  This paper investigates technology to support American Sign Language (ASL) learners in comprehending challenging sign-language videos by enabling in-context dictionary lookup. The researchers conducted two studies at Rochester Institute of Technology. Study 1 interviewed 14 ASL…

  sign language · American Sign Language · ASL · video comprehension · dictionary search

• Expressive Bodies Engaging with Embodied Disability Cultures for Collaborative Design Critiques

  Katta Spiel, Robin Angelini · 2022 · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '22)

  This experience report explores how embodied approaches — using physical bodies to express critique rather than relying solely on spoken or signed language — can produce richer, more direct feedback when designing technologies with disabled communities. The authors, both based…

  disability culture · participatory design · crip methodologies · embodied critique · autism

• A Systematic Review of User Studies as a Basis for the Design of Systems for Automatic Sign Language Processing

  Soraia Prietch, J. Alfredo Sánchez, Josefina Guerrero · 2022 · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing

  This systematic literature review examines how user studies have been conducted in the design of Automatic Sign Language Processing (ASLP) systems. The authors searched seven repositories plus Google Scholar, identifying 2,486 papers and ultimately selecting 37 primary studies…

  sign language · automatic sign language processing · user studies · participatory design · Deaf community

• Analyzing Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Users' Behavior, Usage, and Interaction with a Personal Assistant Device that Understands Sign-Language Input

  Abraham Glasser, Matthew Watkins, Kira Hart, Sooyeon Lee, Matt Huenerfauth · 2022 · Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '22)

  This CHI 2022 paper investigates how Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) ASL signers would actually use a personal assistant device (such as an Amazon Echo Show or Google Home) if it could understand American Sign Language commands. The authors position their work against the…

  sign language · american sign language · deaf and hard of hearing · personal assistants · voice assistants

• Design and Evaluation of Hybrid Search for American Sign Language to English Dictionaries: Making the Most of Imperfect Sign Recognition

  Saad Hassan, Akhter Al Amin, Alexis Gordon, Sooyeon Lee, Matt Huenerfauth · 2022 · Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '22)

  This CHI 2022 paper tackles a practical problem faced by the roughly 200,000 students currently studying American Sign Language (ASL) in the US: how do you look up the meaning of a sign you just saw when you don't know its English gloss? Unlike written languages, ASL has no…

  american sign language · sign language · sign language recognition · search interfaces · dictionary

• Understanding Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Users' Interest in Sign-Language Interaction with Personal-Assistant Devices

  Abraham Glasser, Vaishnavi Mande, Matt Huenerfauth · 2021 · Proceedings of the 18th International Web for All Conference (W4A '21)

  This mixed-methods study investigates Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) users' experiences with and interest in personal-assistant devices (such as Amazon Alexa and Google Home) that could understand American Sign Language (ASL) commands. The research was motivated by the growing…

  deaf and hard of hearing · sign language · personal assistants · voice interface · smart home

• I See What You're Saying: A Literature Review of Eye Tracking Research in Communication of Deaf or Hard of Hearing Users

  Chanchal Agrawal, Roshan L Peiris · 2021 · Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '21)

  This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of 55 eye-tracking studies examining the gaze patterns and communication behaviours of deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) individuals. The authors systematically searched ACM, IEEE, Google Scholar, and linguistics and psychology…

  deaf and hard of hearing · eye tracking · eye gaze · sign language · lip-reading

• Lost in Translation: Challenges and Barriers to Sign Language-Accessible User Research

  Amelie Unger, Dieter P. Wallach, Nicole Jochems · 2021 · Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '21)

  This experience report describes the challenges hearing researchers face when conducting user research with sign language (SL) users, based on the authors' experience running remote focus groups with German Sign Language (GSL) users as part of the AVASAG project — which is…

  deaf and hard of hearing · sign language · user research · focus groups · language accessibility

• American Sign Language Video Anonymization to Support Online Participation of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Users

  Sooyeon Lee, Abraham Glasser, Becca Dingman, Zhaoyang Xia, Dimitris Metaxas, Carol Neidle, Matt Huenerfauth · 2021 · ASSETS '21: The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

  Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals who prefer to communicate in American Sign Language (ASL) face a unique privacy barrier online: because ASL is a visual language conveyed through movements of the face, head, hands, and torso, and because the face carries essential…

  deaf and hard of hearing · sign language · American Sign Language · anonymization · privacy