Glossary

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Ballot Design(also: Accessible Ballot Design)

The layout and interaction design of the form through which voters select and cast their choices, covering paper ballots, electronic voting machines, and online interfaces. Well-studied accessibility and usability principles for ballot design include randomising the order of…

Coercion Resistance(also: Receipt-Freeness, Anti-Coercion)

Coercion resistance is a security property of voting systems that prevents a coercer from verifying how a voter cast their ballot, even if the voter cooperates with the coercer. A related but weaker property, receipt-freeness, means the voter cannot produce proof of their vote…

End-to-End Verifiability(also: E2E Verifiability, E2EV)

End-to-end verifiability (E2EV) is a property of voting systems that allows voters to independently verify that their ballot was cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded — without relying on trust in any single authority or system component. It is composed of…

End-to-End Verifiable Voting(also: E2E-V, End-to-End Verifiable Election System)

A class of voting systems designed so that each voter can independently verify their vote was cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded, while preserving ballot secrecy. Examples include Helios, Belenios, Scantegrity, Pret-a-Voter, and newer wallet-based…

Homomorphic Encryption(also: Partially Homomorphic Encryption, Fully Homomorphic Encryption, FHE)

Homomorphic encryption is a form of encryption that allows computations to be performed on ciphertext (encrypted data) without first decrypting it, such that the result, when decrypted, matches the result of the same operation on the plaintext. In e-voting, homomorphic tallying…

Internet Voting(also: E-Voting, Electronic Voting, i-Voting)

Internet voting (also known as e-voting or i-voting) is the casting and counting of votes via internet-connected systems, enabling voters to participate in elections from any location without attending a physical polling station. For accessibility, internet voting is significant…

Mix Network(also: Mixnet, Mix-Net, Re-encryption Mixnet)

A mix network (mixnet) is a cryptographic routing protocol that achieves anonymity by passing encrypted messages through a chain of servers (mix nodes), each of which reorders and re-encrypts the messages before passing them on. In e-voting, mixnets are used to anonymize…

Universal Verifiability(also: Public Verifiability)

Universal verifiability is a security property of election systems that enables any third party — not just registered voters — to independently audit and confirm that the published election outcome correctly reflects all legitimately cast ballots. It complements individual…

Vote Verification(also: Cast-as-Intended Verification, Recorded-as-Cast Verification)

The ability for a voter to confirm that their vote was correctly cast, recorded, and counted — a core requirement for trustworthy electronic and online elections. Traditional code-based verification schemes (Helios, Belenios) ask the voter to compare random strings between their…

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