Glossary
Terms used in accessibility research and practice. Each entry has a definition, common aliases, and category tags.
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- Bharati Braille(also: Indian Braille)
- A unified Braille standard for writing text in Indian languages using the six-dot Braille format. Bharati Braille assigns the same Braille cell to phonetically equivalent characters across different Indian languages (Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, etc.), meaning that a reader familiar…
- Code-switching(also: Language switching, Code-mixing)
- Code-switching is the practice of alternating between two or more languages, dialects, or communication styles within a single conversation or even a single sentence. It is common in multilingual households, immigrant communities, and among speakers of non-standard dialects.…
- Glyph Substitution(also: GSUB)
- A typographic process in which one or more characters in a text are replaced with alternative visual forms (glyphs) based on context, language, or stylistic requirements. In OpenType fonts, the GSUB table defines rules for substitutions such as ligatures (combining two…
- Halant(also: Virama, Hasanta)
- A diacritical mark used in Indian (Indic) scripts to suppress the inherent vowel of a consonant, enabling the formation of consonant clusters or conjuncts. When a halant follows a consonant, it indicates that the consonant should combine with the following consonant rather than…
- ISCII(also: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange)
- A character encoding standard developed by the Government of India for representing Indian language text in digital systems. ISCII uses a single encoding scheme that can represent characters from all major Indian scripts by exploiting their common phonetic structure — each…
- Ideographic Characters(also: Ideographs, Logograms, CJK Characters)
- Ideographic characters are written symbols that represent a word, morpheme, or concept rather than an individual sound, as used in Chinese (Hanzi), Japanese (Kanji), and historically Korean (Hanja). Because a single writing system can include thousands of distinct characters —…
- Indian Language Accessibility(also: Indic Language Accessibility)
- The set of challenges and solutions involved in making digital technology accessible to people with disabilities who use Indian languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, and others. Indian languages use complex scripts with features like consonant conjuncts…
- Input Method Editor(also: IME, Input Method)
- A software component that allows users to enter characters and symbols not directly available on their physical keyboard, particularly for languages with large character sets or complex scripts. IMEs are essential for typing in languages like Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and…
- Joint Bilingual Navigation(also: Bilingual Form Navigation, Dual-Language Navigation)
- An interface design approach that allows users to interact with digital content simultaneously in two languages through different modalities. In the context of Deaf accessibility, joint bilingual navigation enables a form or document to be navigated either through sign language…
- Multilingual Accessibility(also: Multilingual Web Accessibility)
- The practice of ensuring that web content and digital services are accessible to people with disabilities across multiple languages and cultural contexts. Multilingual accessibility sits at the intersection of web accessibility and web localization, recognising that translated…
- OpenType(also: OpenType Font)
- A font format developed by Microsoft and Adobe that supports advanced typographic features including glyph substitution (GSUB) and glyph positioning (GPOS). OpenType fonts are critical for correctly rendering complex scripts such as Indian languages, Arabic, and Thai, where the…
- Orthographic Depth(also: Orthographic Transparency, Spelling Transparency)
- The degree of consistency in the relationship between letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes) in a writing system. Languages with shallow or transparent orthography — like Finnish, Spanish, and Italian — have highly consistent letter-to-sound mappings, meaning words are…
- Web Localization(also: Website Localization, L10n)
- The process of adapting a website for a specific locale or market, going beyond text translation to include technical and visual modifications such as adjusting layouts for different text directions, adapting date and currency formats, and modifying images and multimedia for…
- Web Localization(also: L10n, Website Localization)
- The process of adapting a website for a specific locale or target audience, going beyond translation to include cultural, visual, and technical elements such as date formats, colors, images, menu sizes, and page structure. In the context of accessibility, web localization…
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