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• User Interface of a Home Page Reader

  Chieko Asakawa, Takashi Itoh · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from IBM Japan's Tokyo Research Laboratory describes the design and evaluation of Home Page Reader, one of the earliest dedicated web browsers for blind users, which became an IBM Japan product in October 1997. The paper opens by framing the information access problem…

  screen readers · web accessibility · blindness · text-to-speech · nonvisual web access

• Auditory Navigation in Hyperspace: Design and Evaluation of a Non-Visual Hypermedia System for Blind Users

  Sarah Morley, Helen Petrie, Anne-Marie O'Neill, Peter McNally · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from the University of Hertfordshire's Sensory Disabilities Research Unit presents the design and rigorous evaluation of DAHNI (Demonstrator of the ACCESS media Non-Visual Interface), a hypermedia system built specifically for blind users as part of the EU-funded…

  auditory interface · blindness · non-speech sounds · hypermedia · nonvisual navigation

• Reading and Writing Mathematics: The MAVIS Project

  A. I. Karshmer, G. Gupta, S. Geiiger, C. Weaver · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from New Mexico State University presents the MAVIS (Mathematics Accessible to Visually Impaired Students) project, an NSF-funded effort to develop comprehensive tools for bidirectional communication of mathematics between blind students and sighted instructors. The…

  mathematical accessibility · STEM accessibility · Nemeth code · LaTeX · blindness

• Dual Level Intraframe Coding for Increased Video Telecommunication Bandwidth

  David M. Saxe, Richard A. Foulds, Arthur W. Joyce · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from the Applied Science and Engineering Laboratories at the University of Delaware presents a dual-level video compression approach designed to make sign language transmission viable over bandwidth-limited telephone networks. The authors identify a fundamental…

  sign language · deafness · video conferencing · video compression · telecommunications

• Factors Leading to the Successful Use of Voice Recognition Technology

  Tanya Goette · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from Georgia College & State University presents results from a field study investigating why voice recognition technology (VRT) succeeds for some individuals with disabilities and fails for others. Drawing on expectancy theory and innovation-diffusion theory, the…

  speech recognition · assistive technology · technology abandonment · motor impairment · user studies

• Modeling and Generating Sign Language as Animated Line Drawings

  Frank Godenschweger, Thomas Strothotte · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg introduces a system for generating sign language as animated line drawings rather than photorealistic 3D renderings. The authors argue that the prevailing approach of creating increasingly realistic virtual humans for…

  sign language · sign language animation · deafness · computer graphics · non-photorealistic rendering

• Augmenting Home and Office Environments

  Elizabeth Mynatt, Douglas Blattner, Meera M. Blattner, Blair MacIntyre, Jennifer Mankoff · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This panel paper brings together five researchers from Xerox PARC, CommunityVision Inc., UC Davis/Lawrence Livermore, Columbia University, and Georgia Tech to discuss how augmented environments — homes and offices enhanced with sensors, computing, and multimodal interfaces — can…

  home automation · augmented reality · ubiquitous computing · smart environments · multimodal interface

• SUITEKeys: A Speech Understanding Interface for the Motor-Control Challenged

  Bill Manaris, Alan Harkreader · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from the University of Southwestern Louisiana presents SUITEKeys, a continuous speech understanding interface that provides complete computer access to users with motor-control impairments by modelling all interaction at the physical keyboard and mouse level. Unlike…

  speech recognition · motor disabilities · voice input · alternative input · natural language interface

• A Tool for Creating Eye-Aware Applications that Adapt to Changes in User Behavior

  Greg Edwards · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from Stanford University's Archimedes Project presents the Black Squirrel Eye Interpretation Engine, a development tool for creating eye-aware software applications that adapt in real-time to changes in a user's natural eye-movement behaviours and intentions. The work…

  eye tracking · gaze interaction · eye-controlled interface · adaptive interface · ALS

• Toward the Use of Speech and Natural Language Technology in Intervention for a Language-Disordered Population

  Jill Fain Lehman · 1998 · Proceedings of the Third International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '98)

  This paper from Carnegie Mellon University describes the design of Simone Says, an interactive software environment for language remediation in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The system brings together speech recognition, natural language processing, and…

  autism spectrum disorder · language remediation · speech recognition · natural language processing · computer-aided instruction

• Touching and Hearing GUIs: Design Issues for the PC-Access System

  Christophe Ramstein, Odile Martial, Aude Dufresne, Michel Carignan, Patrick Chassé, Philippe Mabilleau · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This 1996 paper from Canada's Centre for Information Technology Innovation presents PC-Access, a pioneering multimodal system that combines haptic (touch) and auditory feedback to make Microsoft Windows graphical user interfaces accessible to visually impaired users. The core…

  haptic technology · force feedback · multimodal interface · GUI accessibility · blind users

• Designing the World Wide Web for People with Disabilities: A User Centered Design Approach

  Lila F. Laux, Peter R. McNally, Michael G. Paciello, Gregg C. Vanderheiden · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This 1996 panel paper brings together four perspectives on making the early World Wide Web accessible to people with disabilities. Lila Laux frames the problem by identifying special user populations — elderly people, those with low incomes, rural and inner-city residents, and…

  web accessibility · user-centered design · assistive technology · universal design · presentation independence

• Designing Interface Toolkit with Dynamic Selectable Modality

  Shiro Kawai, Hitoshi Aida, Tadao Saito · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper presents the Fruit (Flexible and Rearrangeable User Interface Toolkit) system, an architecture for building user interfaces that allow dynamic switching between interaction modalities at runtime. The authors argue that the rigid coupling between applications and…

  multimodal interaction · user interface design · assistive technology · abstract widgets · toolkit design

• Multimodal Input for Computer Access and Augmentative Communication

  Alice Smith, John Dunaway, Patrick Demasco, Denise Peischl · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from the University of Delaware describes a research project exploring the integration of speech recognition with head-pointing as a multimodal input method for people with physical disabilities who cannot use standard keyboards and mice. The authors frame the problem…

  multimodal interaction · speech recognition · head pointing · augmentative and alternative communication · assistive technology

• Interactive Tactile Display System: A Support System for the Visually Disabled to Recognize 3D Objects

  Yoshihiro Kawai, Fumiaki Tomita · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from the Electrotechnical Laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan describes an interactive tactile display system that combines stereo computer vision with a pin-based tactile display and voice synthesis to help blind users recognize three-dimensional objects and environments.…

  blindness and low vision · tactile display · stereo vision · computer vision · 3D object recognition

• The Keybowl: An Ergonomically Designed Document Processing Device

  Peter J. McAlindon, Kay M. Stanney · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from the University of Central Florida presents the Keybowl, a novel alphanumeric input device designed as an ergonomic alternative to the standard QWERTY keyboard for users with upper extremity disabilities and for preventing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The Keybowl…

  ergonomics · alternative input · keyboard design · carpal tunnel syndrome · repetitive strain injury

• A Study of Input Device Manipulation Difficulties

  Shari Trewin · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper from the University of Edinburgh describes a pilot study designed to gather detailed, quantified data about physical input errors made by people with motor disabilities when using standard keyboards and mice. The author identifies a significant gap: despite widespread…

  motor disability · keyboard accessibility · mouse accessibility · input errors · performance errors

• A Generic Direct-Manipulation 3D-Auditory Environment for Hierarchical Navigation in Non-Visual Interaction

  Anthony Savidis, Constantine Stephanidis, Andreas Korte, Kai Crispien, Klaus Fellbaum · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper presents a generic, reusable 3D-auditory environment designed to support hierarchical navigation in non-visual user interfaces. The authors address a significant gap in assistive technology development: while 3D audio had been used in a few specialized systems for…

  non-visual interaction · auditory interface · 3D audio · spatial audio · gesture recognition

• Combining Haptic and Braille Technologies: Design Issues and Pilot Study

  Christophe Ramstein · 1996 · Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '96)

  This paper presents the Pantobraille, a novel device that combines a single braille cell with a pantograph-based force feedback device to allow blind users to navigate and read content on graphical user interfaces. Developed as part of the CITI PC-Access project, the device…

  braille · haptic technology · force feedback · braille display · tactile accessibility

• Using the Baby-Babble-Blanket for infants with motor problems: an empirical study

  Harriet J. Fell, Hariklia Delta, Regina Peterson, Linda J. Ferrier, Zebra Mooraj, Megan Valleau · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper presents the Baby-Babble-Blanket (BBB), a patented assistive device designed for infants with severe motor problems who are at risk of developing learned helplessness due to their inability to control their environment or communicate. The BBB consists of a…

  early intervention · motor disability · cerebral palsy · infant development · switch access

• An overview of programs and projects at the Rehabilitation Research and Development Center

  David L. Jaffe · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper provides an overview of the VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center (RR&D), a federal laboratory at the Palo Alto VA Medical Center dedicated to developing assistive technologies for disabled veterans. With approximately fifty researchers across mechanical,…

  rehabilitation engineering · technology transfer · spinal cord injury · deafblindness · wheelchair accessibility

• EEG as a means of communication: preliminary experiments in EEG analysis using neural networks

  Charles W. Anderson, Saikumar V. Devulapalli, Erik A. Stolz · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper explores the use of electroencephalography (EEG) as a communication channel for paralyzed individuals, representing early brain-computer interface (BCI) research. The core premise is that if distinct mental states can be reliably identified through EEG pattern…

  brain-computer interface · electroencephalography · neural network · machine learning · paralysis

• Validation of a keystroke-level model for a text entry system used by people with disabilities

  Heidi H. Koester, Simon P. Levine · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper develops and validates a keystroke-level model (KLM) to predict how much word prediction software improves text generation rates compared to letter-by-letter typing for users with and without disabilities. The keystroke-level model, originally proposed by Card, Moran,…

  text entry · word prediction · keystroke-level model · spinal cord injury · usability

• Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking and Technology (DO-IT) on the electronic highway

  Sheryl Burgstahler, Dan Comden · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking and Technology), a National Science Foundation-funded project based at the University of Washington's College of Engineering. DO-IT was designed to recruit and retain students with disabilities into…

  STEM accessibility · STEM education · digital divide · disability employment · internet accessibility