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• Audio formatting of a graph

  S. H. Zhang, M. Krishnamoorthy · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This 1994 paper introduces Audio Formatting of a Graph (AFG), a software package designed to make graph theory accessible to visually impaired students and researchers. Graph theory — the mathematical study of relationships between objects represented as nodes and edges — relies…

  sonification · graph theory · blind users · audio representation · mathematics accessibility

• Automatic impact sound generation for using in nonvisual interfaces

  A. Darvishi, E. Munteanu, V. Guggiana, H. Schauer, M. Motavalli, M. Rauterberg · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper describes a joint research project between the University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) aimed at developing an audio framework for non-visual interfaces based on physically modeled impact sounds. Rather than using arbitrary audio cues…

  sonification · auditory display · non-visual interface · physical modeling · sound synthesis

• An experimental sound-based hierarchical menu navigation system for visually handicapped use of graphical user interfaces

  Arthur I. Karshmer, P. Brawner, G. Reiswig · 1994 · Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (Assets '94)

  This paper addresses the accessibility crisis created by the shift from character-based computer interfaces to graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in the early 1990s. The authors note that earlier text-based systems were well-served by assistive technologies like screen readers,…

  GUI accessibility · sonification · auditory interface · blind and low vision · menu navigation

• Presenting Information in Sound

  Sara Bly · 1982 · Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '82)

  Sara Bly's 1982 CHI paper, written at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is one of the earliest systematic investigations of using computer-generated sound — rather than graphics — to present multivariate data to human analysts. Bly opens by arguing that purely visual…

  sonification · auditory display · data visualization · multivariate data · non-visual interaction