Glossary

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360 Video(also: 360-Degree Video, Spherical Video, Omnidirectional Video)

Video content recorded or rendered to capture a full spherical or panoramic field of view, allowing viewers to look in any direction by turning their head (in a VR headset) or by dragging the view (on a screen). Unlike traditional video where a director controls the frame, 360…

360-Degree Video(also: 360 Video, VR360, Spherical Video)

Video content recorded or rendered to cover the full 360-degree sphere around the viewer, allowing them to look in any direction during playback. When viewed in a virtual reality headset, 360-degree video provides an immersive experience where users can explore the environment…

Auto-Generated Captions(also: Automatic Captions, AI Captions, Machine-Generated Captions)

Captions automatically created by speech recognition technology without human review or editing. Video platforms like YouTube and TikTok offer auto-generated captions as a default accessibility feature. While they improve baseline accessibility, auto-generated captions often…

Background Blur(also: Depth of Field Effect, Bokeh Effect)

A visual technique that applies a blur filter to the background of a video while keeping foreground subjects in sharp focus, similar to a shallow depth-of-field camera effect. In accessibility contexts, background blur reduces visual distractions from busy or moving backgrounds…

Captions(also: Subtitles, Text Captions)

Text displayed on screen that represents the audio content of a video, including spoken dialogue and important sound effects. Captions are essential for deaf and hard of hearing viewers but also benefit people with ADHD (providing a second modality for processing information),…

Closed Captions(also: CC)

Captions that can be turned on or off by the viewer, as opposed to open captions which are permanently embedded in the video. Closed captions typically include not just dialogue but also descriptions of relevant non-speech audio like music, sound effects, and speaker…

Closed Interpreting(also: Closed Sign Language Interpreting)

A proposed accessibility feature for video content where a sign language interpreter video can be toggled on or off and displayed alongside the main video, analogous to closed captions for text. Unlike embedded "open" interpreters that are permanently part of the video, closed…

Digital Storytelling(also: Multimedia Storytelling, Personal Digital Narrative)

The use of digital media — including photographs, video clips, audio recordings, and text — to create and share personal narratives. In the context of accessibility and AAC, digital storytelling offers an alternative to text-based and real-time spoken communication, allowing…

Digital Television(also: DTV, Digital TV, iTV)

Television broadcasting and receiving technology that uses digital signals rather than analogue, enabling additional features such as interactive services, electronic programme guides, on-demand content, and multiple channel packages. Digital television accessibility is a…

Dynamic Caption Tracking(also: Word-by-Word Highlighting, Synchronized Caption Highlighting)

A caption display feature that highlights or visually emphasizes the word currently being spoken in the caption text, synchronized with the audio. Dynamic caption tracking helps viewers maintain their reading position within captions and re-engage after momentary attention…

Frame Rate(also: Frames Per Second, FPS, Frame Frequency)

Frame rate is the number of still images (frames) displayed or captured per second in a video stream, usually measured in frames per second (fps). Common values include 24 fps (cinema), 30 fps (US broadcast), and 60 fps (high-motion content); video calling and streaming systems…

Hyperstory(also: Interactive Story, Branching Narrative, Hypertext Story)

A hyperstory is an interactive, non-linear narrative structure in which users make choices that influence the direction and outcome of the story. Adapted from hypertext concepts, hyperstories combine storytelling with interactive exploration, allowing users to navigate through…

Immersive Media(also: Immersive Content, Immersive Technology)

Digital content and technologies designed to create a sense of presence and embodiment by surrounding users with stimuli that engage multiple senses. This includes 360-degree video, virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality experiences. Making immersive media…

Key-Frame Animation(also: Keyframe Animation, Keyframing)

Key-frame animation is a technique in computer graphics where an animator defines specific poses or states (key frames) at particular points in time, and the computer automatically generates the intermediate frames (interpolation) to create smooth motion between them. In…

Keyframe(also: Key Frame)

A keyframe is a single representative frame selected from a video scene or shot that best captures the essential visual content of that segment. In automated audio description and video captioning systems, keyframe selection is a critical step — the chosen frame is analyzed by…

Multimodal Content(also: Multi-Modal Media)

Content that combines multiple forms of media—such as text, images, audio, video, and interactive elements—to convey information. Multimodal content can enhance accessibility by providing multiple pathways to understanding, but it can also create accessibility barriers when…

Playback Speed(also: Video Speed, Playback Rate)

The rate at which video or audio content plays relative to its original recording speed. Most video platforms allow users to adjust playback speed, typically from 0.25x to 2x or higher. For viewers with ADHD, playback speed is an important accessibility feature—faster playback…

Streaming Media(also: Streaming Audio, Streaming Video, Media Streaming)

Streaming media is audio or video content delivered to a user in a continuous flow from a server, played back as it arrives rather than waiting for a complete download. Because streaming content produces transient sound and images, and often begins auto-playing as soon as a page…

Time-Based Media(also: Multimedia Content, Synchronized Media)

Content that unfolds over time, including audio, video, audio-video combinations, and interactive multimedia presentations. WCAG Guideline 1.2 requires that time-based media be made accessible through alternatives such as captions for the deaf and hard of hearing, audio…

Video Accessibility(also: Accessible Video)

The practice of making video content usable by people with diverse abilities, including providing captions for deaf and hard of hearing viewers, audio descriptions for blind viewers, transcripts, appropriate pacing, clear visual design, and chapter markers for navigation. For…

Video Chapters(also: Chapter Markers, Video Segments, Timestamps)

Navigational markers within a video that divide content into labeled sections, allowing viewers to jump directly to specific topics or segments. Video chapters function like a table of contents for video content. For viewers with ADHD, chapters are particularly valuable because…

Video Customization(also: Video Personalization, Adaptive Video)

The ability for viewers to modify the visual and auditory presentation of video content to suit their individual needs and preferences. Video customization for accessibility can include adjusting layout (removing or emphasizing visual elements), modifying backgrounds, changing…

Video Processing(also: Video Manipulation, Video Editing Pipeline)

The computational techniques used to analyze, modify, and transform video content, including operations like segmentation, object removal, background replacement, audio separation, caption generation, and visual effects. In accessibility contexts, video processing enables…

Video Segmentation(also: Scene Segmentation, Video Scene Detection)

The process of dividing a video into meaningful segments or scenes based on visual changes, content shifts, or thematic transitions. Video segmentation enables granular customization and navigation, allowing viewers to apply different settings to different parts of a video or…

Video Summarization(also: Video Summary, Video Condensation)

The process of creating a shortened version of a video that captures its key content, either through extractive methods (selecting key segments) or abstractive methods (generating new condensed content). Video summarization is an emerging accessibility tool that can make…

Viewability(also: Video Viewability)

A subjective measure of how watchable and consumable a video is for a particular viewer, encompassing factors like ability to focus on content, level of distraction, information comprehension, and overall comfort with the viewing experience. In ADHD accessibility research,…

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