Glossary

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Borderline Intellectual Functioning(also: BIF, borderline intellectual disability, slow learners)

A condition describing individuals with IQ scores roughly between 70 and 85—above the diagnostic threshold for intellectual disability (IQ below 70) but below the neurotypical range. Representing about 13.6% of the general population, BIF individuals typically have working…

Easy Language(also: Easy-to-Read, Leichte Sprache, Easy Read)

A simplified form of written language designed to make information accessible to people with reading difficulties, including those with intellectual disabilities, prelingual hearing impairments, learning disabilities, low literacy, or limited proficiency in the language. Easy…

Errorless Learning(also: Errorless Teaching, Error-Free Learning)

Errorless learning is a teaching methodology that structures tasks so that learners are guided toward correct responses and prevented from making mistakes during the learning process. In accessible technology design, this translates to systems that do not allow incorrect actions…

Fragile X Syndrome(also: FXS, Martin-Bell Syndrome)

A genetic condition caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, making it the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and the most common known single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder. Fragile X affects males more severely than females, with…

Intellectual and Developmental Disability(also: IDD, Intellectual Disability, Developmental Disability)

A group of conditions characterised by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem-solving) and adaptive behaviour (everyday social and practical skills), with onset during the developmental period. IDD encompasses a wide range of…

Partial Trisomy 9p(also: 9p Duplication Syndrome, Rethore Syndrome)

A rare chromosomal condition in which a portion of the short arm of chromosome 9 is present in triplicate rather than in duplicate. The condition is associated with intellectual disability, distinctive craniofacial features, developmental delay, and in many cases co-occurring…

Postsecondary Education for Students with Intellectual Disabilities(also: PSEID, Inclusive Postsecondary Education, College Programs for ID)

Educational programs at colleges and universities designed to include students with intellectual disabilities in campus life, academics, and career preparation. Unlike traditional special education that ends with high school, these programs extend learning opportunities into…

Rett Syndrome(also: RTT)

A rare, X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused in most cases by mutations in the MECP2 gene, affecting almost exclusively females. After typical early development, children with Rett syndrome lose purposeful hand use and acquired speech between 6-18 months, develop…

Reverse Inclusion

A design approach that begins with the lived experience and needs of a person with a disability and then expands the design outward to include broader social circles and communities. Reverse inclusion inverts the typical inclusive design process, which starts from neurotypical…

Severe and Multiple Disabilities(also: Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities, PMLD, Severe Multiple Disabilities)

A condition where an individual has two or more significant disabilities occurring simultaneously, typically involving profound physical impairments combined with intellectual disability and often sensory impairments. People with severe and multiple disabilities frequently have…

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